Answer:
Sunk costs.
Explanation:
Sunk costs refers to historical funds spent or incurred that cannot be recovered. Such costs are considered irrelevant during decision making which impacts on the business's future as they present no influence on present or future prospects.
Example
ABC investors decide to acquire land and develop residential houses at a location X. This decision is informed on the fact that the government had recently enacted a policy that led to an increase in demand for residential properties in that location. 6 months into construction of the residential houses, the government reviews and rescinds the policy. This leads to a sharp decline in property values in location X. ABC investors had already incurred 10 million dollars in the project. The 10 million dollars is considered sunk cost.
Sunk costs are the opposite of relevant costs because they can't be changed or recovered, as they've been spent or contracted in the past already. Hence, relevant cost are relevant for decision-making purposes but not sunk costs.
Hence, money that has been or will be paid regardless of the decision whether to proceed with the project is sunk costs.
Answer:
a. The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity capital using the arithmetic average growth rate in dividends is 10.91%
a. The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity capital using the geometric average growth rate is 10.88%
Explanation:
a.
Time Dividend per share ($) Growth
-4 1.80
-3 1.98 10.00%
-2 2.05 3.54%
-1 2.16 5.37%
0 2.24 3.70%
Average 5.65%
D0 = $ 2.24 / share
g = 5.65%
D1 = D0 x (1 + g)
= 2.24 x (1 + 5.65%)
= $ 2.37
Current share price = P = $ 45 = D1 / (Ke - g)
The cost of equity = D1 / P + g
= 2.37 / 45 + 5.65%
= 10.91%
Therefore, The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity capital using the arithmetic average growth rate in dividends is 10.91%
a. What if you use the geometric average growth rate?
A DPS of $ 1.80 / share 4 years back has given way to a DPS of $ 2.24 today.
CAGR, g = (2.24 / 1.80)1/4 - 1
= 5.62%
D1 = 2.24 x (1 + g)
= 2.24 x (1 + 5,62%)
= $ 2.37
cost of equity = D1 / P + g
= 2.37 / 45 + 5.62%
= 10.88%
Therefore, The best estimate of the company’s cost of equity capital using the geometric average growth rate is 10.88%
A bond is a debt instrument. The company or government issuing it borrows your money and pays you a fixed amount of money for the use of the loan you have made available to the company or government. The selling price is usually what the face value of the bond is, but this can vary according to interest rates determined by the Federal Reserve.
A stock is ownership. You own a fraction of the company you've invested in. Sometimes a company pays a dividend. That means that the company has excess funds and decides to pay its shareholders a fraction of what the company brings in. When you buy a stock, you expect to sell it at a higher price than what you bought it at. That's called a capital gain. It's another source of income.
Workers intentionally reduce productivity, can also be a strike, if too little work is done.
