As learning occurs over repeated conditioning trails, the conditioned stimulus increasingly predicts the unconditioned stimulus, and prediction error <u>declines</u>.
When the outcome of a conditioning trial is different from that which is predicted by the conditioned stimuli that are present on the trial(i.e.., when the US is surprising). prediction error is necessary to create Pavlovian conditioning (and associative learning generally). So conditioning works to correct or reduce prediction error.
To learn something through classical conditioning, there must first be some prediction error, or the chance that a conditioned stimulus won't lead to the expected outcome. with the example of the bell and the light, because the bell always leads to the reward of food, there's is no "prediction error" that the addition of the light helps to correct. However, if the researcher suddenly requires that the bell and the light both occurs in order to receive the food, the bell alone will produce a prediction error that the animal has to learn.
To know more about prediction error please refer
brainly.com/question/14244786
#SPJ4
BF skinner is widely regarded as the "father of operant conditioning". Most of his works were based on thorndikes law of effect.
The answer is: <span>testosterone; female
When males are talking with attractive women, their sexual arousal would most likely appear during the course of conversation.
This would lead to a spike of both cortisol and testosterone for a short period of time.</span>
<span>the poor and indebted citizens of England
</span>
<span>Bankruptcy
</span>
Bankruptcy is likely the most extreme danger of excessive business debt. In a sole proprietorship, your business finances are not separate from your individual finances, meaning you could face personal bankruptcy. For other common business set-ups, if you cannot meet the repayment requirements of your lenders, they may eventually force you into bankruptcy. This typically means the end of your business, or at least the end of your ownership. Your business assets may be seized to allow creditors to recover some of their money.
<span>
Limited Flexibility
</span>High debt leverage is less severe than bankruptcy but often a signal of impending doom. This means you have too much debt and your debt ratios show difficulty keeping up with your short-term and long-term debt obligations. This makes you susceptible to late fees, default and eventually bankruptcy. It also makes your business unattractive to prospective lenders or creditors. This gives you limited flexibility to find new financing or to buy new equipment or supplies on credit. New investors may also have concerns about your high debt.
<span>Poor Profits
</span><span>Even if your business stays afloat, too much debt leverage makes profitability difficult to achieve. Your business has fixed monthly expenses for building costs and labor. You also have variable costs of production or operations and sales. When you add high monthly principal and interest payments, bringing in enough revenue to make substantial profits becomes unlikely. Plus, if you cannot pay down debt quickly, you carry it longer and pay more in interest over time. Without profit or funding sources, you also cannot expand or grow your business.</span>