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<span>Iconoclastic Controversy, a dispute over the use of religious images in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries. The Iconoclasts objected to icon worship for several reasons, including the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten Commandments and the possibility of idolatry. The defenders of icon worship insisted on the symbolic nature of images and on the dignity of created matter.<span> </span></span>
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The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church’s delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.
They were able to grow their economy and reach the required amount of people in the territory from the pull of mining.