During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ______light_____, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ______NADH/FADH₂_______.
<h3>What are the steps in photosynthesis?</h3>
- The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll bound to chloroplast thylakoid proteins. The absorbed light energy is used to remove electrons from electron donors such as water to form oxygen.
- The electrons are then transferred to the primary electron acceptor, quinine (Q.). Electrons are further transferred from the primary electron acceptor to the final electron acceptor (usually NADP⁺).
- Proton transfer from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma via the F₀F₁ complex generates ATP from ADP and Pi.
- The NADP and ATP produced in steps 2 and 3 provide the energy, and the electrons power the process of reducing the carbon to a six-carbon sugar molecule.
The first three steps of photosynthesis, are directly dependent on light energy and are thus, called light reactions, while the reactions in the last step are independent of light and thus are termed dark reactions.
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They are all eukaryotic, I hope this was the answer you were looking for :D
Pollen grain, embryos, seed coatings, and megasporangium.
Answer and Explanation:
Internal fertilization is characterized by sperm fertilizing the egg within the female. More protection against outside environments and predators, and therefore a higher chance of surviving until birth
. The young develop within the female, receiving nourishment from the mother’s blood through a placenta. Less chance of desiccation of gametes. Internal fertilization also enhances the fertilization of eggs by a specific male since the females are more selective of their mates thus increasing chances of gametes meeting
. Even though fewer offspring are produced through this method, their survival rate is higher.
Answer:
"Proton decreases" would be the right approach.
Explanation:
- The Kreb cycle or system plays a key role throughout a matrix of mitochondria. 3 NADH, 2 FADH2 as well as 1 ATP are synthesized.
- Whenever the Kreb process has been halted, the acetyl CoA throughout the Kreb cycle has not been used. Pyruvate doesn't at all, disintegrate via acetyl CoA. Therefore in cells, pyruvate accumulates.
- Unless the Kreb loop is halted, therefore the concentration of NADH and FADH2 declines.
Thus, they aren't used for the transportation chain of electrons. This is also why protons have not been discovered to be injected towards intermembrane space.
