When using horizontal differentiation, a firm divides itself into sub units based on function, type of business, or Geographic area
Horizontal Differentiation :
Horizontal differentiation refers to distinctions in products that cannot be easily evaluated in terms of quality. This stands in contrast to vertical differentiation, where the distinctions between products are objectively measurable and are based in the products' respective level of quality. Horizontally differentiated products vary only marginally, as it's more efficient for producers to try to capture as many new consumers as possible with minimal additional costs. While horizontally differentiated products tend to command similar prices at equilibrium, the lack of relationship to quality does not necessarily imply that they cost the same -- two products may be virtually identical in all considerations except for color or flavor and still be offered at totally different prices.
What is meant by geographical area?
Geographical Area means an area covering all or part of the territory of a Member State or extending to all or part of the territory of other Member States.
An area of land that can be considered as a unit for the purposes of some geographical classification.
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Answer: Option (E)
Explanation:
Supply chain management is referred to as or known as broad/wide range of activities which are required in order to control, plan, and execute a commodity's flow, i.e. from the primary stage of acquiring raw material and thus production to the final stage of distribution to consumer, in most streamlined, efficient and effective way that is possible.
In other words it encompasses or encloses integrated execution and planning of a procedure which is required in order to optimize flow of the material, financial capital and information in areas which include sourcing, demand planning, production, storage and inventory management, logistics and also the return of defective products.
Answer:
If Jenny doesn’t earn any interest on her savings and wants to perfectly smooth consumption across her life, how much will she consume every year?
Jenny's total income during her life = income as tax analyst ($60,000 x 10) + income as PhD student ($12,000 x 5) + income as Art Director (35 x $95,000) = $3,985,000
she generated income during 50 years and expects to live 20 more, so in order to perfectly smooth consumption across her life, she must divide her total life income by 70 years = $3,985,000 / 70 years = $56,928.57 per year
What might prevent her from perfectly smoothing consumption?
First of all, besides inflation, you also earn interest on your savings. That is why 401k and other retirement accounts work so well (the magic of compound interest). Even if inflation and interests didn't exist, you cannot know exactly what you are going to earn in the future and for how many years. In this case, she earned $60,000 for 10 years, but then earned only $12,000 during 5 years. If she really wanted to smooth her consumption, she would have needed to get a loan because her savings during the first 10 years wouldn't be enough.
