Mann felt that comprehensive public education would bring equality back to a fragmented society. Mann's common-school program provided the first job option for women by allowing them to become instructors.
Horace Mann (May 4, 1796 – August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer, abolitionist, and Whig politician notable for his advocacy of public education. Mann was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1848 after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education (1848–1853). Mann hoped that universal public education would promote equality in a fragmented society. Mann's common-school movement provided the first job option for women by allowing them to become educators.
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Wilbert Awdry Christopher Awdry and Britt Allcroft
1933: New Deal / cooperative federalism / marble cake federalism cause a change in the makeup of the power balance between local, state and national goverment in the following way
Explanation:
- The United States moved from dual federalism to cooperative federalism in the 1930s. National programs would increase the size of the national government and may not be the most effective in local environments. Cooperative federalism does not apply to the Judicial branch of the government.
- Each level of government is dominant within its own sphere. ... Marble cake federalism – Conceives of federalism as a marble cake in which all levels of government are involved in a variety of issues and programs, rather than a layer cake, or dual federalism, with fixed divisions between layers or levels of government.
- As a theory, dual federalism holds that the federal and state governments both have power over individuals but that power is limited to separate and distinct spheres of authority, and each government is neither subordinate to nor liable to be deprived of its authority by the other.
- The first, dual federalism, holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals, each sovereign. In this theory, parts of the Constitution are interpreted very narrowly, such as the 10th Amendment, the Supremacy Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the Commerce Clause
- The advantages of this system are that it protects local areas and jurisdictions from the overreach of the federal government. The framers of the Constitution were afraid that the federal government would have too much power, and this system was a means of preventing that situation from developing.
- Historically, the definitive example of dual federalism is the United States. ... These states can check the federal government through judicial action. Europe, too, has a system of dual federalism, albeit set up with state traditions. The European Union (EU) is organized into a federalist government with limited powers.
The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union joined forces to fight the Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan. The United States entered the war. The war ended in a treaty and Germany had to finish paying WWI era repairs.<span />
Hitler gave himself absolute powers through constitutional amendments that enabled him to do whatever he wished as the only leader.
These totalitarian powers were expressed in terms of censuring the media, control of information through propaganda tactics,use of the secret police,and detention camps. Germany under Hitler is an example of a totalitarian nation where the public would dare question those in authority.
