Rebirth, or reincarnation
Answer:
Prior to the War of 1812, the British navy engaged in impressment, which meant that they forced American sailors serve on British ships.
Explanation:
Impressment refers to the forcible recruitment of seafarers for war and merchant ships. This type of deprivation of liberty was also used at times for supplementing the army.
The British Royal Navy used impressment as a means for compulsory recruitment from the Elizabethan Age, and since 1563 this was legally legitimized. Even after American independence, Americans continued to be forced into the Navy as Britain continued to consider all Americans born British as its citizens. In the course of the coalition wars, around 9,000 Americans were forcibly recruited into the British fleet. This approach was one reason for the outbreak of the War of 1812.
According to the passage context, Cazel's point of view of the Crusades is a period of the economic boom in the money market.
This is evident when he stated that "the borrowing and lending necessary for most crusaders stimulated credit formation and the development of credit institutions and instruments."
Cazel's argument about the economic situation that resulted from the Crusades is that the economic situation boosted the real estate market and benefited the bourgeoises of the Crusades period majorly.
One way the 12th-century economy affected the development of the Crusades is that the period's activities led to inflation.
This is evident when he stated that "the transformation of gold and silver altar ornaments into coin for crusaders may have helped heighten the inflation that occurred during the Crusades.
Hence, in this case, it is concluded that Cazel tried to explain his perspective of Crusaders' activities in terms of the ongoing economic activities.
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For people in the modern world, there may be nothing more difficult to comprehend than the group calling itself the Islamic State, or ISIS. The beheadings, rapes, and other acts of cruelty seem beyond understanding, as does the wanton destruction of priceless ancient monuments. Perhaps most mystifying of all is the way ISIS has been able to recruit young men — and even some young women — from the industrialized West, particularly Europe: the conventional wisdom is that the cure for ethnic and religious violence is “development,” education, and the opportunities provided by free markets. This seems not to be the case.
Because of the mainstream media’s narrow and often misplaced focus, it’s not surprising that most Westerners believe that religious extremism is primarily a problem of Islam. But the fighting in Syria and Iraq is not the only ethnic or religious conflict underway. There has been violence between Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka, Buddhists and Hindus in Bhutan, Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab, Eritreans and Ethiopians in the Horn of Africa, Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda, ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the former Soviet Union, and many more. The fact is, fanaticism, fundamentalism, and ethnic conflict have been growing for many decades—and not just in the Islamic world.
Failure to recognize this trend can lead to the belief that terrorism is a product of nothing more than religious extremism and will end when secular market-based democracies are established throughout the world. Unfortunately the reality is far more complex, and unless we address the underlying causes of conflict and terrorism, a more peaceful and secure future will remain elusive.
To really understand the rise of religious fundamentalism and ethnic conflict we need to look at the deep impacts of the global consumer culture on living cultures throughout the planet. Doing so allows us not only to better understand ISIS and similar groups, but also to see a way forward that lessens violence on all sides.
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