Described as circular storm
The Italian wars were a series of battles between states and city-states near or in Italy around 1500. We have that France was also majorly involved and while the Rennaisance was in full swing in Italy, this development helped its spread to the North. (2-c)
The fall of Constantinople led unavoidably to a massive current of refugees of the elite of the Byzantine empyre to other cities of the West where there were still Christian rulers. They frequently brought with them sources not only from Byzantine times but also ancient greek, roman and even arabic ones. (1-b)
The hundred year's war was a bitter fight that lasted over 100 years and changed the whole of Europe in a lot of ways; its end around 1400 marked a new era of stability. After this turbulent period, a period of long peace ensued and this
harbored the concepts of peace as well as renewal and reconstruction; in
the aftermath of these wars lots of great artistic achievements were
completed. (3-a)
Saladin (1137/1138–1193) was a Muslim military and political leader who as sultan (or leader) led Islamic forces during the Crusades
