In psychology, the word conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a stimulus such as a situation, noise, image, etc. leads to a response that can be an action or physiological response such as rapid heart beating. Additionally, in conditioning one stimulus can be associated with another element and therefore the first stimulus is replaced by the second. This is the case of Gina, in which the attack of a dog which led to a natural response that was rapid heart beating is replaced by the noise of bark of any dog and that makes Gina react in the same way that in the real attack when she hears a dork barking. Thus, this is an example of conditioning.
The answer is C. In 1954 McCarthy was ousted from American political life as his actions were exposed to the American people. He was censured by the Senate for attacking the army. He lost his power though he kept his job. He died in 1957 due to his alcoholic addiction.
Our actions are not wrong because there is an ethical difference between treating people as a means and treating them merely as a means to achieve some end. This is the concept behind the Kantian ethics also referred to as means to end principle.
