Answer:6n-5
This is an arithmetic sequence since there is a common difference between each term. In this case, adding
to the previous term in the sequence gives the next term. In other words,
Formula:A*n=a*1d(n-1)
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
What is unmeasured cofounding?
- By definition, an unmeasured confounder is a variable that is connected to both the exposed and the result and could explain the apparent observed link.
- The validity of interpretation in observational studies is threatened by unmeasured confounding. The use of negative control group to reduce unmeasured confounding has grown in acceptance and popularity in recent years.
Although they've been utilised mostly for bias detection, negative controls have a long history in laboratory sciences and epidemiology of ruling out non-causal causes. A pair of negative control exposure and outcome variables can be utilised to non-parametrically determine the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data that is vulnerable to uncontrolled confounding, according to a recent study by Miao and colleagues.
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
Learn more about unmeasured confounding here:
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Answer:
A
Step-by-step explanation:
In order for a graph to be a function, it has to only cross the vertical (up and down) lines that it covers once. Since this is an angle, it crosses all the lines in two different places, and isn't a function.
Answer: 
Step-by-step explanation:
Given
Survey shows that 16% of college students have dogs and 38% have HBO subscription
Probability that a random person have both is
![\Rightarrow P_o=0.16\times 0.38\quad [\text{As both events are independent}]\\\Rightarrow P_o=0.0608](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=%5CRightarrow%20P_o%3D0.16%5Ctimes%200.38%5Cquad%20%5B%5Ctext%7BAs%20both%20events%20are%20independent%7D%5D%5C%5C%5CRightarrow%20P_o%3D0.0608)
The probability that the random person has neither of the two is
