When can HFC-134a become combustible in a mobile air condition system?
if shop air is used in the system in an attempt to check for leaks
Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Answer:
cooperation
Explanation:
Cooperation occurs when living things of different species work together to benefit themselves. The interaction between a bee and a flower is a symbiotic relationship. A symbiotic relationship between two living things is one in which at least one of the parties benefits. The relationship between the bee and the flower is a mutual one because both parties benefit.
While the pollen and nectar serve as food for the bees, the spread of the pollen to other plants assist in the reproduction process.
Uh, can you be more specific? Theory and belief of what?
The perivascular feet of the <u>endothelial cells</u> help create a blood-brain barrier.
<h3>What are endothelial cells?</h3>
Endothelial cells can be defined as those type of cells found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart.
Interestingly, the major function of the edothelial cells is that they release substances that control vascular relaxation and contraction as well as enzymes that control blood clotting, immune function and platelet (a colorless substance in the blood) adhesion.
So therefore, the perivascular feet of the endothelial cells help create a blood-brain barrier.
Learn more about endothelial cells:
brainly.com/question/7448518
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