Layer D is the youngest layer
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
Explanation:
chaperonins
Members of the Hsp60 family (also called chaperonins) facilitate the folding of proteins into their native conformations. Each chaperonin consists of 14 subunits of approximately 60 kilodaltons (kd) each, arranged in two stacked rings to form a “double doughnut” structure
Answer:
Option (1).
Explanation:
DNA (deoxyribo nucleic acid ) is the genetic material present in all the organisms except some viruses. DNA structure follows the Chargaff's rule.
Accoprding to Chargaff's rule, the ratio of purines to pyrimidines in a DNA molecule is equal to 1. The amount of guanine is nearly equal to the amount of cytosine whereas the amount of thymine is nearly equal to the amount of adenine.
Thus, the correct answer is option (1).
If a person requires greater return when risk increases, that person is said to be:
risk averse
