Through secretory pathway or cytosolic protein through cytosolic pathway.
The cytosol consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large water-soluble molecules (such as proteins). The majority of these non-protein molecules have a molecular mass of less than 300 Da. Membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by two highly conserved parallel pathways. The well-studied co-translational pathway uses signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor for targeting and the SEC61 translocation for membrane integration.
However, mRNAs that encode cytosolic proteins can also be translated by ER-bound ribosomes. Thus, a large fraction of the proteome can be translated by ER-associated ribosomes. Such a diverse and selective translation of mRNAs redefines this ubiquitous organelle as a primary site of proteome synthesis in the cell.
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Idk anything right now, I’ll comment the answer later
Answer:
I think it's b because the earth's magnetic field had drastically changed shape and direction in the shape
Bursa - A small sac that lubricates the area around a joint where friction is most likely to occur
ex. elbow, knee, or shoulder
