Answer:
I honestly do not know but I can help Google it hope that works
The Declaration of Independence, 1776. By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence.
The word formal means to be face to face so the answer to your question would be false
"spurn" means to, "reject with disdain or contempt."
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One species(the parasite) benefits while the other species (the host) is harmed