Answer:
All the given statements are correct except b.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) refers to the ability of a microorganism to grow in the presence of drug or a chemical that would normally limit its growth or kill it.
It makes it difficult for the existing drugs to eliminate the infection as they become less effective against the microbe.
There are five major mechanisms by which a microbe attains resistance against antimicrobial chemical or drug:
- Drug modification or inactivation: A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent. For example, few bacteria produce β-lactamases which provide multi-resistance against β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporin etc.
- Alteration or modification of target site: An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target. For example, alteration of penicillin binding protein (PBP) in Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(MRSA).
- Alteration of metabolic pathway: The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway. For example, sulfonamides-resistant bacteria started using preformed folic acid in place of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA).
- Decreased drug accumulation: Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent (before it could do any damage) by pumping it out of the cell.
- Decrease in cell permeability: The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased
Answer:
Option A, the liquid level in a capillary tube will drop below the surrounding liquid and the surface in the capillary tube will have a convex meniscus.
Explanation:
A liquid will wet the surface of the container in which it is contained only when the adhesive forces between the molecules of the liquid are weaker than the adhesive force between the surface wall of the container and water.
A convex meniscus is formed when the attractive forces between the molecules of liquid (cohesion) becomes greater than attractive forced between the water molecule and the container's surface (adhesion)
Convex meniscus simultaneously move the surface of the liquid in the downward direction due to which its level become lower than the surrounding layer.
Hence, option A is correct
The answer is <span>motor neuron. Hope this helps!</span>
Cellular respiration (cells covert nutrients into atp)
