Numerous degenerative neurological conditions, most notably Parkinson's disease, have been linked to an excessive buildup of alpha synuclein (a-syn) in the brain. Intraneuronal inclusions, often known as Lewy bodies, are neuropathological characteristics seen in Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and other synucleopathies. The aggregation of a-syn is their main structural component. A-syn accumulation, aggregation, and ensuing Lewy body formation can be attributed to a variety of biological processes. These include genetic changes in parkin, synuclein, or the deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCH-L1), which results in less efficient removal of a-syn via the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway (UPP). Additionally, environmental variables and an age-related decline in antioxidant defense mechanisms that heighten oxidative stress and can have an impact on the formation or clearance of a-syn are intracellular insults.
We focused on changes in the aggregation and clearance of a-syn as impacted by the UPP and the oxidative stress pathways in our dynamic models of a-syn processing in both normal and various disease states. A free radical profile similar to that observed in vivo after exposure to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is produced during simulation of enhanced oxidative stress (MPTP). To replicate the kinetics of a-syn that correlates to the neuropathology reported for the sporadic and hereditary types of Parkinson's disease, different model parameters of oxidative stress, UPP failure, or both routes are used. With the use of this in silico model, it is possible to evaluate the kinetics of pathway elements and more accurately identify and validate key pharmaceutical targets.
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Answer:
The probability that the child will have type blood B equals <u>3/16</u>.
Explanation:
<u>Available data:</u>
- Individuals with the rare Bombay blood phenotype lack both the A and B antigens in individuals and/or are of hh genotype.
- Cross between two parents that are both of I A I B Hh genotype
Cross: IAIB Hh x IAIB Hh
Gametes) IAH, IAh, IBH, IBh
IAH, IAh, IBH, IBh
Punnett square) IAH IAh IBH IBh
IAH IAIAHH IAIAHh IAIBHH IAIBHh
IAh IAIAHh IAIAhh IAIBHh IAIBhh
IBH IAIBHH IAIBHh IBIBHH IBIBHh
IBh IAIBHh IAIBhh IBIBHh IBIBhh
F1) Genotype
- 1/16 IAIA HH
- 2/16 IAIAHh
- 1/16 IAIAhh
- 2/16 IAIBHH
- 4/16 IAIBHh
- 2/16 IAIBhh
- 1/16 IBIBHH
- 2/16 IBIBHh
- 1/16 IBIBhh
Phenotype
- 3/16 Blood type A
- 6/16 Blood type AB
- 3/16 Blood type B
- 3/16 Blood type 0
