Explain how we theoretically get 32 atp molecules per glucose oxidized in the liver, but only 30 atp molecules per glucose oxidi
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Explanation:
overall: 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 5 H2O + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate)
CO2
An ubiquitous gas, and inorganic source of carbon. It is obtained from the atmosphere and fixed in the process photosynthesis, to an organic form by the enzyme RuBisCO. This forms carbohydrates, large energy storage compounds. Carbohydrates molecules that supply energy and provide support; they consist of mainly sugars or starches in long chains and rings to form monosaccharide monomers.
RuBP
Ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP an organic substance, In the Calvin cylcle it is are reduced and carbon is fixed from an inorganic CO2 to an organic form by the enzyme RuBisCO. With every molecule of CO2 fixed, 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid are produced. Since two molecules of G3P are made per revolution, 3 turns make 6 G3Ps; 5 of these are used to regenerate RuBP for further fixation.
ATP
In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. The energy produced in the form of ATP is used for other reactions involved in growth and development
NADPH
An enzymatic cofactor; it is reduced by water to the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
G3P
G3P (glyeraldehyde 3-phosphate).
NADPH and ATP facilitate the addition of electrons to or reduction of 6 molecules of 3PGA to 6 molecules of G3P. A molecule of G3P, goes to the cytoplasm from the Calvin cycle, to form other complex molecules. Fixing sufficient carbon for this G3P export requires 3 revolutions of the cycle. Since two molecules of G3P are made per revolution, 3 turns make 6 G3Ps; 5 of these are used to regenerate RuBP for further fixation.
Glucose
Inclusive of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides (which describes the type of bonding and the degree of complexity of the polymers), the basic makeup of carbohydrates comprises C, H, O -with many polar OH groups
Glucose is the favored source of carbon (over others like xylose) for many organisms as it can be immediately processed for energy generation in cellular metabolic processes like respiration. This energy produced in the form of ATP is used for other reactions involved in growth and development. These include the urea and citric acid cycle where all amino acids (except eight) are produced as reaction byproducts.
<u>Further explanation:</u>
Photosynthesis is a chemical pathway that’s integral to producing energy in plants and other primary producers. Energy in the form of molecules of glucose is produced from light, water and carbon dioxide while oxygen is released. This occurs in several complex steps, photosynthesis is a rate limited reaction, depends on several factors including carbon dioxide concentration, ambient temperature and light intensity; the energy is retrieved from photons, I.e. particles of light, and water is used as a reducing agent.
Water supplies the chlorophyll in plant cell with replacement electrons for the ones removed from photosystem II. Additionally, water (H2O) split by light during photolysis into H+ and OH- acts as a source of oxygen along with functioning as a reducing agent; it reduces the molecule NADP to NADPH by providing H+ ions. NADP and NADPH are integral to the Calvin cycle where monosaccharides or sugars like glucose are produced after the modification of several molecules.
- During the initial stage of the Calvin cycle, three molecules of ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP are reduced and carbon is fixed from an inorganic CO2 to an organic form by the enzyme RuBisCO. With every molecule of CO2 fixed, 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid are produced. 3-PGA is a 3 carbon molecule with a phosphate attached. ...with each revolution of the cycle, a molecule of RuBP and one CO2 form 3 molecules of 3-PGA
- Next, NADPH and ATP facilitate the addition of electrons to or reduction of 6 molecules of 3PGA to 6 molecules of G3P (glyeraldehyde 3-phosphate). The process uses 6 molecules of ATP and 6 of NADPH, after which the conversion of NADPH and ATP to ADP and NADP+ occur; these are returned to the light dependent reactions.
- A molecule of G3P, goes to the cytoplasm from this cycle, to form other complex molecules. Fixing sufficient carbon for this G3P export requires 3 revolutions of the cycle. Since two molecules of G3P are made per revolution, 3 turns make 6 G3Ps; 5 of these are used to regenerate RuBP for further fixation.
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