This was the Peloponnesian War. For a while, Athens was ruled by a small group of Spartans. But, for about 100 years, thousands of years ago, ancient Athens had a direct democracy, or a government in which all citizens vote on rules and laws.
Italy was not a unified nation in the 1500's but a series of regions and city-states which shared the same peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea. The power/domination of the Church of Rome had lost influenc.
A I think it's a because the others are crazy nothing like that happend
TRANSLATED ANSWER :explain how the process of the earthen enclosures in England influenced the English revolutionary process during the seventeenth century : ANSWER : Enclosure (sometimes inclosure) was the legal process in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms.[1] Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner, and it ceased to be common land for communal use. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. The process of enclosure began to be a widespread feature of the English agricultural landscape during the 16th century. By the 19th century, unenclosed commons had become largely restricted to rough pasture in mountainous areas and to relatively small parts of the lowlands.
Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the ground rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use, which increased the value of the land. The other method was by passing laws causing or forcing enclosure, such as Parliamentary enclosure involving an Inclosure Act. The latter process of enclosure was sometimes accompanied by force, resistance, and bloodshed, and remains among the most controversial areas of agricultural and economic history in England. Marxist and neo-Marxist historians argue that rich landowners used their control of state processes to appropriate public land for their private benefit.[2][better source needed] During the Georgian era, the process of enclosure created a landless working class that provided the labour required in the new industries developing in the north of England. For example: "In agriculture the years between 1760 and 1820 are the years of wholesale enclosure in which, in village after village, common rights are lost".[3] E. P. Thompson argues that "Enclosure (when all the sophistications are allowed for) was a plain enough case of class robbery."[4][5]
W. A. Armstrong, among others, argued that this is perhaps an oversimplification, that the better-off members of the European peasantry encouraged and participated actively in enclosure, seeking to end the perpetual poverty of subsistence farming. "We should be careful not to ascribe to [enclosure] developments that were the consequence of a much broader and more complex process of historical change."[6] "The impact of eighteenth and nineteenth century enclosure has been grossly exaggerated ..."[7][8]
Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Enclosed land was under control of the farmer who was free to adopt better farming practices. There was widespread agreement in contemporary accounts that profit making opportunities were better with enclosed land.[9] Following enclosure, crop yields increased while at the same time labour productivity increased enough to create a surplus of labour. The increased labour supply is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution.[10] Marx argued in Capital that enclosure played a constitutive role in the revolutionary transformation of feudalism into capitalism, both by transforming land from a means of subsistence into a means to realize profit on commodity markets (primarily wool in the English case), and by creating the conditions for the modern labour market by transforming small peasant proprietors and serfs into agricultural wage-labourers, whose opportunities to exit the market declined as the common lands were enclosed.
The 300,000 Catholics in Japan were severely persecuted as part of the Tokugawa shogunate's efforts to keep Christianity out of Japan.
Confucianism was promoted as the religion. Over the course of 250 years, the daimyo of Tokugawa Ieyasu ruled Japan, leading to the development of a new merchant class and an increase in urbanization. In order to guard against outside influence, they also attempted to isolate societies from Westernizing forces, particularly Christianity.In the early 17th century, Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu was able to win wars against other powerful lords and establish a nationwide military command in Japan.
He enforced Japan's isolation, prohibited contact with "foreign devils," reinforced Buddhism, and eradicated Christianity.While consolidating feudal systems, the Tokugawa era brought peace, stability, and prosperity to Japan.Was in effect until 1868.
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