D and they were invented by Otis Frank Boykin
The Chloroplast possess their own DNA. This organelle has green orpiment called Chlorophyll.
Mutations result from an error in DNA replication, should it be from an alien source (like radiation) or simply a mistake in replication.
Migration of organisms to a new population would alter the DNA by adding new genes, but it would not mutate them.
It rains, water moves and erodes the land and creates valleys and rivers.
The answer is scientific theory. It amalgamates scientific law about objects and events that are widely accepted and tested. Scientific theory rationalizes phenomenon, that is not rigorously understood, through science. Examples of scientific theories today are the special relativity theory of Albert Einstein.