Answer: Externalities occur when the actions of an individual or group spill over onto others, without their consent.
Explanation:
By definition, an Externality is the effect of an action by an individual or group that spills over onto third parties without their consent.
Externalities can be either negative or positive. A positive externality for instance would be bees from a bee farm pollinating flowers in the environment.
A negative externality would be air pollution from China for instance contributing to global warming effects experienced in Northern Africa.
Answer:
utilitarian perspective
Explanation:
In simple words, utilitarian approach refers to a method for making decisions in case of ethical dilemmas. Under this approach, the decision making authority makes judgement by focusing on the greater good, that is, making judgement that benefits the most of the individuals and harm the least.
This theory states that every party's interest should be taken into consideration equally as every related individual to the judgement is capable of suffering . However this approach is used when it is not possible to benefit all the stakeholders equally.
Answer:
d. retail positioning matrix
Explanation:
In the example, it is noted that Boston Market has added value to its original restaurant format (with pickup, delivery...) on the one hand. On the other hand, they broadened the product line with the grocery foods. The two factors imply the axes of the <em>retail positioning matrix.</em>
The <em>retail life cycle</em> is an often confused topic that is similar to the <em>product life cycle</em> (which is related to products and services exclusively) conceptually. It consists of the following phases: innovation, growth, maturity and decline. Although this example can be correlated to the <em>innovation </em>phase of the retail life cycle, we cannot pinpoint the Boston Market's place on the retail life cycle curve, as we do not have info about its competitors, market share and other external info. Therefore, we cannot detect whether the company is in its up or down phase.
The <em>wheel of retailing</em> is an irrelevant concept, which refers to the tendency that most retailers enter a market in an extremely competitive manner (low cost, for example) and then becomes more exclusive (high cost, better reputation...).
The answer is C lowering taxes while easing spending
