ATP is a good source of energy for cellular proceses because it has some weak, high energy bonds. Which one of the following sta
tements is true regarding these weak, high energy bonds
a. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of two repelling negatively charged functional groups
b. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of a strong attraction between a negatively charged functional group and a positively charged functional group
c. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of two attracting negatively charged functional groups
d. All of the above
a. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of two repelling negatively charged functional groups
b. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of a strong attraction between a negatively charged functional group and a positively charged functional group
c. The weak, high energy bonds are the result of two attracting negatively charged functional groups
d. All of the above
1 answer:
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The structure of ATP is such that there are three (3) phosphate moelcules in sequence attached to the 5’ carbon of the ribose sugar ring. The O- groups of each phosphate are close to each other and are negatively charged. They, therefore, repel each ohtehr electrostatically and make ATP very unstable – hence considered weak bonds. ADP is more stable than ATP. Nonetheless, phosphoanhydride bonds between the phosphate have high energy of ΔG of -30.5 kJ/mol. These characteristic make ATP ideal as ane energy currency since it is easy to hydrolyze while producing much energy.
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About the question:
You will find the pedigree in the attached files
Answer:
- individual 4 → Affected woman → Black circle
- individual 5 → Affected woman or man → Black circle or square
- individual 7 → Healthy woman → Empty circle
- individual 10 → Affected boy → Black Square
Explanation:
Mitochondrial inheritance is the transmission of a disease or a trait from the maternal line.
<em>Most of the DNI is in the nucleus, but there is also DNI in mitochondria. Sperm cells hardly transfer mitochondrial genes to the progeny</em>, so mitochondrial DNI is mostly inherited from the maternal side. If there exists any mutation in this mitochondrial DNI, the whole progeny of the mutated woman will be affected, as they will get the mother genotype carrying the mutation. On the contrary, if an affected man is carrying a mutation in mitochondrial DNI, non of their descendants will get the disease.
Before answering the question, let us remember the pedigree symbols.
- Squares represent Males/Men
- Circles represent Females/Women
- Empty symbols represent healthy/non-affected individuals
- Solid black symbols represent sick/affected individuals
In the exposed pedigree, we can see that the mother is affected by the disease (individual number 2), so all her children are also affected (individuals 4, 5, and 6) because the <em>disease is mitochondrially inherited</em>.
Individual 3 is a healthy man, so individual 4 must be an affected woman (Black circle). As she is the one affected, then all her children will also be affected. This couple <em>had one boy and two girls</em>. Individuals 8 and 9 are girls (circle), so individual 10 must be the affected boy (black square).
On the other hand, individual 6 is an affected man (black square), son of individuals 1 and 2. This man couples with a woman, and they have all healthy children. So this woman (individual 7) must be healthy. Even though the man is affected, all their children are not because their mother (7) is not. Remember that sperm cells do not transmit the mitochondrial genes to the progeny.
And finally, individual number 5 might be either a man or a woman. In any case, this person is also affected by Leigh's disease.
