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FinnZ [79.3K]
4 years ago
9

1. What special structures are specific to the phylums of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Platyhelminthes?

Biology
1 answer:
Kitty [74]4 years ago
7 0

The special structures of the following phylums:


  • Porifera: members of this phylum have special collar cells. They have cellular level of body organisation.
  • Cnidaria: members have stinging cells on the tentacles surrounding mouth.
  • Ctenophora: members have comb like ciliary plates for swimming.
  • Platyhelminthes:  For the first in animal kingdom, members of this phylum there is development of sensory and nervous tissue in the head region (cephalization)    

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The pharmaceuticals combines the DNA tachnology and medicine.

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Which describes the process of fermentation?
xxMikexx [17]

Explanation:

<u>anaerobic process that restores NAD+ supply </u>

<u></u>

Within cells, aerobic respiration may not occur due to several factors:

  • - a lack of inorganic, final electron acceptors
  • -incomplete or lack of a complete electron transport system
  • -missing genes for enzymes within the Kreb's cycle

Thus, they utilize other means for the generation of energy in the form of ATP and to replenish NAD+ an oxidized form of NADH, the main electron carrier in glycolysis. Pyruvate is produced in the cytoplasm via glycolysis- it is also used as an electron acceptor in a process called fermentation.

Further Explanation:

overall: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ≈38 ATP

In all eukaryotic cells mitochondria are small cellular organelles bound by membranes, these make most of the chemical energy required for powering the biochemical reactions within the cell. This chemical energy is stored within the molecule ATP which is produced. Respiration in the mitochondria utilizes oxygen for the production of ATP in the Krebs’ or Citric acid cycle via the oxidization of pyruvate( through the process of glycolysis in the cytoplasm).

Oxidative phosphorylation describes a process in which the NADH and FADH2 made in previous steps of respiration process give up electrons in the electron transport chain these are converted it to their previous forms, NADH+ and FAD. Electrons continue to move down the chain the energy they release is used in pumping protons out of the matrix of the mitochondria.

This forms a gradient where there is a differential in the number of protons on either side of the membrane the protons flow or re-enter the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase, which makes the energy storage molecules of ATP from the reduction of ADP. At the end of the electron transport, three molecules of oxygen accept electrons and protons to form molecules of water...

  • Glycolysis: occurs in the cytoplasm 2 molecules of ATP are used to cleave glucose into 2 pyruvates, 4 ATP and 2 electron carrying NADH molecules. (2 ATP are utilized for a net ATP of 2)
  • The Citric acid or Kreb's cycle: in the mitochondrial matrix- 6 molecules of CO2 are produced by combining oxygen and the carbon within pyruvate, 2 ATP oxygen molecules, 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.
  • The electron transport chain, ETC: in the inner mitochondrial membrane, 34 ATP, electrons combine with H+ split from 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, renewing the number of electron acceptors and 3 oxygen; this forms 6 H2O, 10 NAD+, 4 FAD.

Learn more about cellular life at brainly.com/question/11259903

Learn more about cellular respiration at brainly.com/question/11203046

#LearnWithBrainly  

6 0
4 years ago
How do rural water concerns differ between dry areas and areas with heavy rainfall?
deff fn [24]

We all know that plants need water, but water in excess is as bad as not having water.

→ Dry rural areas struggle to get water, and that is why most of the things they plant are native plants (resistant to dry climates).

→ Rural areas with heavy rainfalls struggle in finding ways of protecting they're crops against the damage the rain can cause and the excess water.


Hope it helped,


BioTeacher101

4 0
3 years ago
When water molecues are being evaporated through the leaves, the water column is pulled upward due to adhesion of water molecule
fomenos

Explanation:

The answer is F...because h2o molecules are heavier than the atmosphere it surrounds. Therefore, gravity takes over. plse correct me if wrong.

because of gravity, h2o is directed down. That's how plants survive, Remember, ..what goes up, must go down...per " isaac newton."

6 0
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According to Nutton, we are unable to identify any diseases familiar to us today because because we are hampered by the great di
kiruha [24]

Answer:

According to Nutton, we are unable to identify any diseases familiar to us today because we are hampered by the great difference between ancient and modern understanding of the concept of 'a disease'.

The evidence or claim he makes to support this, is in his book "Seeds of Disease" where he states that during the ancient medicine practice, the interpretatation was not held nor rigorously or strict, employing words far looser metaphoric sense, interchangeably with what they had known from Galen instead.

Explanation:

Professor Vivian Nutton specialises in the history of the classical tradition in medicine, from Antiquity to the present, and particularly on Galen. He is currently co-editor of Medical History.  Heirs of Hippocrates , how they exercised their influence, and how they were received and interpreted over the centuries, are fascinating stories. It was taken over and translated into Latin, Arabic, Hebrew and a range of European languages.

His main work has focused around Galen of Pergamum (129–216/7 AD), the most prolific writer to survive from the ancient world, whose combination of great learning and practical skill imposed his ideas on learned doctors for centuries, and, secondly, on the development of medical ideas and practices in the Renaissance of the sixteenth century.

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