When it comes to population evolution and genetics, we cannot fail to cite the Hardy-Weinberg principle which emphasizes that if evolutionary factors such as natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic oscillation do not act on a particular population, the frequencies genotypic proportions will remain constant.
The five requirements for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are:
- Large-scale breeding population: For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, it is important that this population is large, as small populations favor genetic drift (unanticipated fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another).
- Random mating: In order for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to occur, it is necessary that the mating occur at random, with no preference for certain groups within the population. In this case, we say that the population is in panmixia, that is, they all mate at random.
- No mutations: Mutations alter the total alleles present in a population (gene pool). Therefore, in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium population, no mutations should occur.
- No gene flow: When there is gene flow due to migration or immigration of individuals, some genes may be included or excluded from the population. Thus, in an equilibrium situation, no gene flow occurs.
- Lack of natural selection: For a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, natural selection must not be acting on it. If natural selection acts, some genotypes will be selected, modifying the allelic frequencies of the population.
Answer:
cloning
Explanation:
one of the most controversial uses of genetic engineering has been cloning, or producing a genetically identical copy of organism. while the ethics of cloning are hotly debated, the 1st ever sheep was cloned in 1996 by scientists.
Answer:
The correct answer is option a.
Explanation:
Osteoporosis refers to a condition that weakens the bone, and enhances the threat of unanticipated and sudden fractures, also known as porous bones. It leads to an enhanced loss of bone mass and strength. The disease often advances without any kind of pain or signs.
There is a direct association between the reduction of estrogen post menopause and the emergence of osteoporosis. Postmenopause, the breakdown or resorption of bone takes over the formation of novel bone. Estrogen diminishes the function and number of osteoclasts. Thus, the reduction in the levels of estrogen after menopause leads to bone loss.
Vacuole. Amoeba is a unicellular organism formerly grouped under Kingdom Protista. Amoeba in freshwater need contractile vacuole to control input and output of water. (osmosis). Without this structure, ameboid cells will be filled with water and eventually burst.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. yes this is true
- Our adaptive immune system protects us from infection-related mortality. An new-born born with a significantly compromised adaptive immune system may die shortly unless extreme steps are taken to isolate it from a wide range of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
- The purpose of adaptive immunity is to eliminate invading infections as well as any harmful chemicals they create. Because these reactions are damaging, it is critical that they only occur in response to molecules that are alien to the host and not to molecules that are native to the host. The adaptive immune system's capacity to identify what is foreign from what is self is a fundamental feature.
To learn more about adaptive immune.
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