B or d because you would want to know how much and the other prices
I believe the answer is: negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement refers to the type of reinforcement a form of reinforcement that make a subject become uncomfortable to the point where the subject would do some efforts to avoid or eliminate the negative reinforcement (just like the horrendous ding sound)
The Ego (reality)
Is the part of the personality
It should be three stages
If this is sociology, then the answer is that in any crowd, anywhere in the world, people have many different motivations.
Hope this helps, GOD BLESS! :-)