The total retained earnings on 31st December 2016 is $197,100. The journal entry are attached below. 
<h3>What is Retained Earnings?</h3>
Retained earning is basically the profits of the company which is kept aside to meet the future requirement of the company. It the amount which is left over after deducting all cost such as direct cost, indirect cost, income taxes and dividend.
The retained earning is used in the future projects or for buying the equipment for the company.
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Answer:
the present value is $88,087.08
Explanation:
The computation of the present value is shown below:
As we know that 
Future value = Present value × (1 + rate of interest)^number of years 
$203,000 = Present value × (1 + 0.11)^8
So, the present value is $88,087.08
hence, the present value is $88,087.08
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
c. 10.17%
Explanation:
we can use the future value formula:
future value = present value x (1 + r)ⁿ
- future value = $19,600,000
- present value = $8,200,000
- n = 9
$19,600,000 = $8,200,000 x (1 + r)⁹
$19,600,000 / $8,200,000 = (1 + r)⁹
(1 + r)⁹ = 2.390243902
⁹√(1 + r)⁹ = ⁹√2.390243902⁹√
1 + r = 1.101663943
r = 1.101663943 - 1 = 0.101663943 = 10.17%
 
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
 $3,315.13
Explanation:
To determine the amount of inheritance Marshall should invest today, we have to calculate the present value of $5,400. 
PV = FV (1 + r)^-n
FV = Future value = $5,400
P = Present value 
R = interest rate 5%
N = number of years 10
$5400(1.05^-10) = $3,315.13
I hope my answer helps you