Numerous antiepileptic medications, such phenytoin, have been designed to block voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in neuronal membrane. In addition, multiple toxins and pharmacological modulators work by attaching to various biophysical states of the VGSC to cause their effects. Depending on how modulatory agents act, some VGSC states are stabilized or destabilized, altering the channel's biophysical properties. The first anticonvulsant to successfully treat epileptic disorders without causing undesirable side effects such as brain drowsiness was phenytoin.
Phenytoin has been indicated to block high-frequency neuronal activity potentials from the inner vestibule of the pore, as demonstrated by electrophysiological research and site-directed mutation.
Frequency and voltage both affect phenytoin binding.
There are theories that phenytoin interferes with the late sodium current that sustains depolarizations in epilepsy by blocking non-inactivated channels.
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Here is its complicated name: (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-oxane-3,4,5-triol
And here is its other name: amylum
Answer:
it depends
Explanation: trees can have 10 to hundreds of roots
Answer: A). Active transport requires chemical energy to move nutrients from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
Explanation:
Sometimes cells require nutrients such as sodium and potassium to be transported from an area where they are in low concentration to an area where they are in high concentration.
This goes against the concentration gradient where substances are transported from an area of high concentration to one with low concentration as is the case in processes such as osmosis.
This process is called Active transport and describes the use of chemical energy to move nutrients from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
