Th revolutionary situation which came to be in 18th century France, through misunderstandings of the economy and costs of fighting in the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War.
The law which allows the president to make a hasty decision is an executive agreement. This agreement is not legally binding and does not need the approval of Congress.
The cotton gin was innovated by Eli Whitney and is important to the 1800d because of what it did to the innovation of cotton production in the south. Prior to the machine, enslaved people were forced to hand process cotton, now with the machine, more cotton was able to be processed faster which allowed for slavery to continue and expand in the south so that more cotton could be sold to Britian (who did not have the land for cotton growing) and the northern factories to be made into clothes (increasing production of the industrial revolution especially with the Lowell mills). This will be important later with the Civil War as the south believes that Britian will support them because of their trading history and need for cotton (which of course is not done, due to racial tensions between the newly freed persons of Britian and the enslaved system of the South).