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The founders made the amendment process difficult because they wanted to lock in the political deals that made ratification of the Constitution possible. Moreover, they recognized that, for a government to function well, the ground rules should be stable. ... From 1870 to today, only 12 amendments have been enacted.
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The Fourteenth Amendment applied only to states, not individuals.
The Gibbons v. Ogden court case in a nutshell:
Ogden had a monopoly on operating steamboats on the Lower Mississippi.
Gibbons, who had a federal liscence to operate steamboats, tried to start business there and was sued by Ogden.
The ruling was that Gibbons would be allowed to operate there, which gave precedent to federal law over state law.
The X,Y,Z affair was an incident between French and American diplomats where they were trying to make a deal that would stop the French from seizing the America ships.
(that resulted in a war known as the Quasi-War.)
Americans were angered by this because the French agents wanted large amounts of money just to stop them from seizing their ships
Answer:
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