Answer:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating and an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated myelin and axonal damage, and chronic axonal loss attributable to the absence of myelin sheaths. T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, CD8+, NKT, CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells) and B cells are involved in this disorder, thus new MS therapies seek damage prevention by resetting multiple components of the immune system. The currently approved therapies are immunoregulatory and reduce the number and rate of lesion formation but are only partially effective. This review summarizes current understanding of the processes at issue: myelination, demyelination and remyelination—with emphasis upon myelin composition/architecture and oligodendrocyte maturation and differentiation. The translational options target oligodendrocyte protection and myelin repair in animal models and assess their relevance in human. Remyelination may be enhanced by signals that promote myelin formation and repair. The crucial question of why remyelination fails is approached is several ways by examining the role in remyelination of available MS medications and avenues being actively pursued to promote remyelination including: (i) cytokine-based immune-intervention (targeting calpain inhibition), (ii) antigen-based immunomodulation (targeting glycolipid-reactive iNKT cells and sphingoid mediated inflammation) and (iii) recombinant monoclonal antibodies-induced remyelination.Keywords: calpain, central nervous system, demyelination, fingolimod, glycolipids, lipids, multiple sclerosis, myelin, myelination, NKT cells, oligodendrocytes, remyelination, T cells
Explanation:
Highest risk body fluid would be blood because it has high nutritional value and pathogen is multiplying on there. Most pathogen will be transmitted by blood.
Droplet from cough also highly contagious since it easily contacts with any part of the body. Inhalation also makes the infection easier since it contacts mucosa.
Vaginal secretion and seminal fluid can transmit many virus but it depends on how many virus in the blood.
Saliva is composed by water and enzyme so it's low risk on virus spread. But it's on the mouth(which wasn't sterile) so it can be contaminated by various things.
In normal condition urine and spinal fluid is sterile, but in a case of infection, it can be contaminated.
Sweat is mostly water and salt so it's safe.
If you really can't move your arm because of the sting, and there is pus, the best thing you can do to yourself is go to the Emergency doctor. You can take an ibuprofen if the pain is too hard.
INDICATION:
Both tramadol and trazodone are prescribed as pain relievers and sleep aid. But the difference is that the tramadol is an opioid, and the trazodone is an antidepressant. They are from different family but they could be used for the same indication.
SIDE EFFECTS:
Tramadol and trazodone may have some side effects but not the same frequency of them, for example, both tramadol and trazodone give nausea but it is more frequent with tramadol than with trazodone.
Trazodone can cause weight gain and tramadol can cause both weight gain or loss.
Trazodone takers can have nightmares and tramadol can have paranoia and hallucinations.
If your full question is
Which risk factor is least likely to result in someone contracting HIV infection?a.Multiple sexual contacts
b.Hemophilia
c.Intravenous drug use
d.<span>Working with AIDS patients
your answer is undoubtedly D, working with AIDS patients.</span>
