Answer:
by mimicking disease agents and stimulating the immune system to build up defenses against them.
Explanation:
Answer:
CHALLENGE ACCEPTED!!
Explanation:
THE GRIFFITH EXPERIMENT demonstrated that something in the virulent s strain of pneumococcus could transform non virulent r strain bacteria into a lethal form, even when the s strain bacteria had been killed by the high temperature.
So the two experiments aim at determining the replication mechanism.
Answer:
Fertilization
Explanation:
Egg and sperm are cells known as gametes produced by the GAMETOPHYTE of a sexually-reproducing organism via meiosis. Since egg and sperm cells are produced through meiotic division, their chromosomal number is reduced by half of the parental organism. Hence, sperms and eggs are haploid cells (n) produced by a diploid organism (2n).
Sperm is the male gamete while egg is the female gamete. These two haploid gametes fuse in a process called FERTILIZATION, to produce a diploid ZYGOTE that eventually grows into the diploid structure of the organism called SPOROPHYTE. This system of reproduction called ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS is used by lower and higher plants.
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers — specifically polypeptides — formed from sequences of amino acids, the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue (chemistry) indicating a repeating unit of a polymer. Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions, in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond. By convention, a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide, rather than a protein.[1] To be able to perform their biological function, proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic packing. To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level, it is often necessary to determine their three-dimensional structure. This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology, which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins.
Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.[2] By physical size, proteins are classified as nanoparticles, between 1–100 nm. Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits. For example, many thousands of actin molecules assemble into a microfilament.
A protein may undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function. The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as different conformational isomers, or simply, conformations, and transitions between them are called conformational changes.
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