Answer:
First is federalism. I'll put definitions of the others below if it helps cuz I can't say for sure.
Answer:
After the Allied invasion of France, Germany was conquered by the Soviet Union from the east and the other Allies from the west, and capitulated in May 1945. Hitler's refusal to admit defeat led to massive destruction of German infrastructure and additional war-related deaths in the closing months of the war. so it should be either b. or d.!
Hope this helps!!