<span>A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes. The nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, conifer cones, roots, other stems, or flowers (inflorescences); the internodes distance one node from another.</span>
* More than 40 proteins and glycoproteins involved in the complement system are synthesized by the liver, macrophages, epithelial cells, they are present in the blood in plasmatic form, membrane, some have an enzymatic activity, regulator or membrane receptorThese are elements of the humoral innate immune response, they fight infections, purify immune complexes and apoptotic bodies.
<span>There are indeed three ways to activate the complement:</span>
Classical pathway: Activated by Immunoglobulins in immune complexes, aggregated Immunoglobulins, DNA, CRP, apoptotic bodies .......it involves nine fractions, starting with C1, then C4, C2, C3, to form a classical C5 convertase, then, activation of C5, C6, C7, C8, C9.
Alternative pathway: activated by polysaccharides (bacterial endotoxin), vascular wall poor in sialic acid, aggregated IgE ...C3b like is the first component in the alternate channel cascade, it will create an amplification loop, and form an alternative C5 convertase.
Lecithin pathway: Activated by mannose, fucose (carbohydrate of microorganisms)The first component is the complex MBL / MASP1 / MASP2: "mannose-binding protein": works according to the same principle as the complex C1 of the classical way (MASP2 cleaves the C4 and the rest of the cascade is equivalent to that of the classical way).
the three ways have the same outcome: A C5 convertase (formed by one of the pathways) cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b: C5b is deposited far from other fractions on the antigenic surface. The fixation of C5b in the cell is followed by that of C6, C7, C8, and C9 (9 molecules of C9): formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) ==> Death of the cell by osmotic shock
<u>In the process of translation, the statement stands correct and applies are as follows:</u>
- The ribosome has two sub-units that work together.
- Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds.
- Each tRNA brings in exactly one amino acid that corresponds to the anti-codon.
- The order of the amino acids is determined by the mRNA which is transcribed from DNA.
Answer: Options A, B, C, and E
<u>Explanation:</u>
In the process of translation, ribosomes are the structural unit where the translation is being performed and it has the two sub-units which enact together the translational process.
Any two amino acids are bonded together by peptide bond and tRNA brings one amino acid at a time which corresponds to the anti codon. The order of amino acids is determined by mRNA transcribed from the DNA, and not from the ribosome. Thereby, all given options are correct except the option D.
Mitosis is a process cell division, where one cell divides into two identical cells. Mitosis consists of four phases ~ prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
