Answer:
Ulna
Explanation:
The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm. It is located between the elbow joint and the shoulder. At the elbow, it connects primarily to the ulna.
Anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) would caused muscle cells to produce lactic acid. This causes the muscles to ache and in the long term, damages them. Also anaerobic respiration releases far less energy (ATP) than aerobic respiration. So it is best for muscle cells to respire aerobically as they need more energy.
Answer:
d. alveolar ventilation rate
Explanation:
Alveolar Ventilation rate (AVR) refers to the rate of airflow that reaches the alveoli which is available for gas exchange with the blood in a given unit of time. AVR is generally calculated as the amount in millimeters of air expired that equilibrates (i.e., exchanges) with alveolar gas per min unit (ml/min). AVR is affected by breathing frequency, tidal volume ( i.e., the normal amount of air between inhalation and exhalation), and the amount of dead space in the lungs.
Protein-protein interactions within the CARMA1-BCL10-MALT1 complex:
- The T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor-dependent NF-B induction and lymphocyte activation are mediated by the CBM complex, which is made up of the proteins CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1.
- Each of the proto-oncoproteins CARMA1, BCL10, and MALT1 is a somatic gain-of-function mutation or chromosomal translocation, and dysregulation of CBM signaling is a characteristic of numerous lymphoid malignancies, including Activated B-cell Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma.
- Moreover, a number of immunological dysregulation diseases have been linked to both gain- and loss-of-function germline mutations in CBM complex proteins.
- Over the past ten years, careful examination of the interactions of CBM components has yielded a wealth of detailed structural knowledge.
- Here, we discuss important discoveries about the molecular nature of these protein-protein interactions that have helped the research develop a detailed understanding of how these proteins come together to form high-order filamentous CBM complexes.
- Approaches to therapeutic suppression of the CBM complex have thus far centered on obstructing MALT1 protease activity in order to treat lymphoid malignancy and/or autoimmunity.
- The structural effects of MALT1 protease inhibitors on significant protein-protein interactions are also reviewed in detail.
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