<span>-sale of indulgences ... -placed emphasis on the Bible as the only true source of religious authority ... -Luther's pamphlet "to the christian nobility of the german nation" encouraged german princes to resist the <span>Catholic church</span></span>
Answer:
Germany took full responsibility for starting World War I and agreed to pay the Allied Powers war reparations
Answer:
The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by Christian powers in order to retake Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control. There would be eight officially sanctioned crusades between 1095 CE and 1270 CE and many more unofficial ones. Each campaign met with varying successes and failures but, ultimately, the wider objective of keeping Jerusalem and the Holy Land in Christian hands failed. Nevertheless, the appeal of the crusading ideal continued right up to the 16th century CE, and the purpose of this article is to consider what were the motivating factors for crusaders, from the Pope to the humblest warrior, especially for the very first campaign which established a model to be followed thereafter.
Explanation:
The City of Jerusalem held a Holy significance to the Christians, Jews, and
Muslims. Although the city of Jerusalem was held by the Saracens (Muslims),
the Christian pilgrims had been granted safe passage to visit the Holy city. In
1065 Jerusalem was taken by the Turks, who came from the kingdom of
ancient Persia. The Christians were not long in realizing that power had
fallen into new hands. The churches in Jerusalem were destroyed or turned
into stables. 3000 Christians were massacred and the remaining Christians
were treated so badly that throughout Christendom people were stirred to
fight in crusades. These actions aroused a storm of indignation throughout
Europe and awakened the desire to rescue the Holy Land from the grasp of
<span> It survived the </span>fragmentation and fall of the Western Roman Empire<span> in the 5th century AD and continued to exist for an additional thousand years until it fell to the </span>Ottoman Turks in 1453. But why did it survive? <span>The eastern half of the Roman Empire was far less vulnerable to external attack, due to its geographic location. With Constantinople located on a strait, it was extremely difficult to breach the capital’s defenses; also, the eastern empire had a much shorter common frontier with Europe. It also benefited greatly from a stronger administrative center and internal political stability, as well as great wealth. The eastern emperors were able to exert more control over the empire’s economic resources and more effectively muster sufficient manpower to combat invasion. </span>
