Scientists have concluded that the average human body contains approx. 37.2 trillion cells. However it depends upon your size compared an average human being. :)<span />
We are well aware that there are two stages of photosynthesis:
- Light dependent reactions
- Light independent reactions/ Calvin cycle/ dark reactions.
Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions:
This comprise the process during which carbon dioxide enters into the leaves of plants and passes through series of steps to form sugar or food. This process depends on the supply of ATP, (the ATP that is formed previously during light dependent reactions).
Now there are three stages of Calvin cycle:
- 1) carbon fixation
- 2) reduction
- 3) regeneration
During the process of carbon fixation CO2 combines with a 5-carbon compound called RuBP or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate which results in the synthesis of a 6-carbon compound that splits up in to 2 three carbon compounds called phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA).
Here out focus will be the process of Reduction.
Reduction is the second stage of Calvin cycle during which phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) that is a sugar. During the process of reduction, energy in the form of ATP and NADPH are used for the conversion of 3-PGA to G3P. As 3-PGA is reduced to G3P, therefore this process is known as reduction.
After reduction, a series of reactions occur that lead to the synthesis of glucose but since focus of our question was reduction, so you can see more details of the process in attached figure.
Hope it helps!
Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, they convert sugars into energy.
<u>Definition:</u>
The sex hormone and endogenous steroid present in human and other species ' menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis are known as "Progesterone" while the primary sex hormone in females responsible for the development and control of the female reproductive system and for the characteristics of secondary sex is termed as "Estrogen" or "oestrogen".
<u>Progesterone Effects:</u>
- Progesterone has a variety of physiological effects which are exacerbated when estrogens are present for an instance in breast tissue, where estrogens permits progesterone to mediate lobuloalveolar development.
- Progesterone has main effects on human sperm by non-genomic signals, as they move through the female tract before fertilization.
- Progesterone is called "hormone of pregnancy" as transform the endometrium to its secretory stage for uterine implantation, decrease the maternal immune response to permit for the acceptance of the pregnancy during implantation and gestation, prevent preterm labor, inhibits lactation during pregnancy etc.
<u>Estrogen Effects:</u>
- Effects structure of human and categorize them as male and female, while females have three kind of estrogen: Estrone (weak and found in women after menopause), Estradiol (strong and it is steroid produced by ovaries ) and Estriol (weakest and waste product after body produces estradiol).
- It effects ovaries, vagina, Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and mammary glands.
- It triggers the release of an egg due to high level during halfway of cycle but decreases after ovulation.
<u>Similarities between progesterone and estrogen: </u>
Progesterone and estrogen as such do not have similar function but work with coordination as both are need for menstrual cycle functioning and regulation. Estrogens usually travel in fluids through the bloodstream, communicate with cells in the body's various tissues, and provide a message or guidance while progesterone helps to balance pregnancy period and to implant an egg in uterus.
