It has been challenging to develop methods for outer-membrane(OM) isolation from <em>Leptospira</em> species and other spirochetes due to their distinctive design and a lack of sensitive cytoplasmic membrane indicators.
Spirochetes have an OM and a cytoplasmic membrane, which are divided by a periplasmic space, just like enteric gram-negative bacteria.The leptospiral OM contains a significant amount of LPS, and the leptospiral surface is dominated by its polysaccharides.
LipL32, LipL36, and LipL41 are three lipoproteins from the leptospiral OM.
Since LipL32 is an immunodominant antigen during human leptospirosis, it is recognized to be the most prominent protein in the leptospiral protein profile. OmpL1 and LipL41 together offer synergistic immunoprotection. LipL41 is a surface-exposed lipoprotein.
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Answer:
Explanation:
During an algal bloom the species produce a toxic chemical substance which is harmful to animals that feed on the algae that causes a tint in the water because of the photosynthetic pigments is known as a red tide a red tide may or may not be harmful . Nonetheless algal bloom can produce both beneficial and harmful cycles.
It is beneficial because it can provide organic compounds needed by higher organisms, for this reason productivity increases because there's more algae in the water which means that more carbon dioxide is used from the atmosphere and that more oxygen is being released into the atmosphere which is needed and necessary for many living things
There is 50% chance of the child to be Rh-positive.
<h3>What is Rh factor?</h3>
Some red blood cells have a protein called a Rh factor. Person with this protein are called Rh-positive while those who don't have are called Rh-negative.
<h3>What will be the blood factor of the child?</h3>
When a Rh negative mother and Rh positive father have a child, the child has 50% chance of being Rh-positive. The child may receive the Rh factor from its father.
<h3>What is Rh incompatibility?</h3>
Your Rh factor blood type often doesn't pose a problem. Being Rh-negative during pregnancy, however, can cause issues if your unborn child is Rh-positive. When your blood and that of your child combine, your body will begin to produce antibodies that could harm your child's red blood cells. Your baby can experience other issues, such anemia, as a result of this.
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Bulid and repair tissues, Make enzymes and hormones, and Help prevent infection. Hope this helps!
A, B and C are the events that will cause an ecological disturbance.
Rationale:
A. Introduction of a new species: When a new specie is introduced, it increases the competition in ecosystem with the native species for food, water, space and shelter. This affects the reproductive success of the native species and thus the dynamics of ecosystem.
B. Climate change: Climate change is different from a simple change of weather. The best example would be of Antarctica where the ice is melting fast due to the global warming. The native species find it harder to adapt to the warm temperatures.
C. Late spring snowstorm: Spring is the season where the plants grow and animals shed their fur. When snowstorms occur in this season they harm these plants and animals that live there.
