The best and most correct answer among the choices provided by your question is the fourth choice or letter D.
The cell would lose structure and shape when the ribosomes of a cell were damaged and stopped functioning.
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I believe the process by which ions join to reform the solid is called precipitation. It is a process in which ions leave a solution and regenerate an ionic solid. For example; Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) = AgCl (s). Dissolution on the other hand is the process in which an ionic solid dissolves in a polar liquid; it is the opposite of precipitation.
You can use refraction which is the bending of light through a transparent material. Also the freezing and boiling points of water. One last one is the Cartesian five experiment, this shows the density of water. Hope this helped.