Released energy can be lost to the environment in heat form.
I'm pretty sure it's the third option.
A cell wall is missing in archbacteria and euacteria
Answer:
Less stable : An ecosystem with populations that mate with only related species
Less stable : An ecosystem that has many species at every trophic level
More stable : An ecosystem with populations that mate with unrelated species
More stable : An ecosystem that has very few species at every trophic level
Genetics, diet, environmental factors, the way the body of the animal handles its surroundings and biological necessities such as oxygen nutrients etc.
