To answer the question, “When an issue creates disagreement among the states, how does federalism solve the problem?”:
1. The state is allowed to find a solution about the issue.
2. There are equal powers with the federal and states therefore it can go through a debate.
3. The Constitution decides which makes the federal powers are superior.
4. There will be specific rules of each of the states created by the government.
I would say mostly economic factors: common currency, common market, wide-scale trade among the countries. If one country is hit, the others will also suffer: this brings in the feeling of solidarity.
other than that, European culture is actually quite unified, with many shared valued, such as universal health care and religious freedom, yet connection to Christianity.