The statement says:
"School officials need not obtain a warrant before searching a student who is under their authority; rather, a search of a student need only be reasonable under all the circumstances."
Let's break it down:
School officials (people that work at the school, probably security officers of some type or maybe even merely just faculty) need not obtain a warrant (do not need a search warrant) before searching a student who is under their authority (before searching a student who they are in charge of). Rather, a search of a student need only be reasonable under all the circumstances (Instead, the search of the student just needs to be reasonably justified by any and all circumstances and knowledge at the current time).
Hope this helps!!
Reconstruction were the South's first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport and accommodations and ambitious economic development
I'd basically say there were laws against discrimination
Possessive common nouns are common nouns or pronouns that own other nouns. Apostrophes are used to indicate this possession. Example: I will not hide the teacher's glasses.