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Vika [28.1K]
3 years ago
8

Trace the evolution of legal status of American unions. What activities were restricted by laws and courts? Did constraints incr

ease or decline with time?
Business
1 answer:
dedylja [7]3 years ago
8 0

Answer:

Trace the evolution of legal status of American unions.

Labor union increase in the late 1800's was mainly because of the poor working conditions, unfair wages, inequality and lack of benefits.

What activities were restricted by laws and courts?

Using the members dues for political purposes.

Did constraints increase or decline with time?

They have decline.

Explanation:

- The first union to get legal right was the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, or the Wagner Act, which at the time was considered the "Labor Bill of Rights", guaranteed the basic rights of employees to organize into unions, collectively bargain for better working conditions, and take collective action.

- There has been a general union constraints decline, as healthcare, restaurant, and hospitality jobs are among the fastest growing and, historically, these industries that have not had high unionization rates, this has been one of the biggest change composition of jobs in the US.

- States and public-sector unions may no longer extract agency fees from nonconsenting employees,” Justice Samuel A. Alito Jr. wrote for the majority. “. . . This procedure violates the First Amendment and cannot continue.”

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Answer:

D.

Explanation:

Firms will hire more labor when the marginal revenue product of labor is greater than the wage rate, and stop hiring as soon as the two values are equal.

7 0
3 years ago
Which is the most clear and precise sentence explaining what to do before submitting new content to a webmaster?
Gala2k [10]

Answer:

The correct answer is letter "A": Please consult the Frequently Asked Questions web page before submitting new content to the webmaster.

Explanation:

Webmasters are responsible for the development, coordination, and maintenance of a web site. While sending a message before others submit content to webmasters about information the individuals might also find in the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), we should be objective and respectful at all moments. Thus, the phrase:

<em>Please consult the Frequently Asked Questions web page before submitting new content to the webmaster.</em>

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Is the segment that best reflects the guidelines previously stated.

5 0
3 years ago
Which statement is not correct about the business-society interdependence?
Dmitry_Shevchenko [17]

Answer:

D. Actions by governments rarely significantly affect business

Explanation:

Business-socciety interdependence points out how business activities impact society and how society impacts business decisions. Government actions play a significant role in business performance. For example, an increase in interest rate increases the cost of borrowing and acts as an investment disncentive. Likewise, an increase in corporation tax stifles the incentive to invest and reduces corporate profit. Other government interventions such as standards and regulations, minumum wage legislations, permits and licenses would not only reduce business profits but could make doing business very cumbersome. Also, the extent to which the government is committed to maintaining political stability could determine the extent to which invesmtent thrives in an economy.

6 0
3 years ago
Turnbull Co. has a target capital structure of 58% debt, 6% preferred stock, and 36% common equity. It has a before-tax cost of
OLga [1]

Answer:

Turnbull’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) will be higher by 0.64% if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings.

Explanation:

Note: This question is not complete. The complete question is therefore provided before answering the question as follows:

Turnbull Co. has a target capital structure of 58% debt, 6% preferred stock, and 36% common equity. It has a before-tax cost of debt of 8.2%, and its cost of preferred stock is 9.3%. If Turnbull can raise all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its cost of common equity will be 12.4%. However, if it is necessary to raise new common equity, it will carry a cost of 14.2%. If its current tax rate is 40%, how much higher will Turnbull’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) be if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings? (Note: Round your intermediate calculations to two decimal places.)

The explanation to the answer is now given as follows:

Step 1: Calculation of WACC when all of its equity capital is raised from retained earnings

This can be calculated using WACC formula as follows:

WACCR = (WS * CE) + (WP * CP) + (WD * CD * (1 - T)) ………………… (1)

Where;

WACCR = Weighted average cost of capital when all of its equity capital is raised from retained earnings = ?

WS = Weight of common equity = 36%, or 0.36

WP = Weight of preferred stock = 6%, or 0.06

WD = Weight of debt = 58%, or 0.58

CE = Cost of equity = 12.4%, or 0.124

CP = Cost of preferred stock = 9.3%, 0.093

CD = Before-tax cost of debt = 8.2%, or 0.082

T = Tax rate = 40%, or 0.40

Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:

WACCR = (0.36 * 0.124) + (0.06 * 0.093) + (0.58 * 0.082 * (1 - 0.40))

WACCR = 0.078756, or 7.8756%

Rounding to 2 decimal places, we have:

WACCR = 7.88%

Step 2: Calculation of WACC if it raises new common equity

This can also be calculated using WACC formula as follows:

WACCE = (WS * CE) + (WP * CP) + (WD * CD * (1 - T)) ………………… (2)

Where;

WACCE = Weighted average cost of capital if it raises new common equity = ?

WS = Weight of common equity = 36%, or 0.36

WP = Weight of preferred stock = 6%, or 0.06

WD = Weight of debt = 58%, or 0.58

CE = Cost of equity = 14.2%, or 0.142 (Note: This is the only thing that has changed compared to what we have in Step 1 above.)

CP = Cost of preferred stock = 9.3%, 0.093

CD = Before-tax cost of debt = 8.2%, or 0.082

T = Tax rate = 40%, or 0.40

Substituting the values into equation (2), we have:

WACCE = (0.36 * 0.142) + (0.06 * 0.093) + (0.58 * 0.082 * (1 - 0.40))

WACCE = 0.085236, or 8.5236%

Rounding to 2 decimal places, we have:

WACCE = 8.52%

Step 3: Caculation of how much higher will Turnbull’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) be if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings.

This can be calculated as follows:

Percentage by which WACC is higher = WACCE - WACCR

Percentage by which WACC is higher = 8.52% - 7.88%

Percentage by which WACC is higher = 0.64%

Therefore, Turnbull’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC) will be higher by 0.64% if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings.

5 0
2 years ago
In the Income-Expenditures model, it is assumed that investment is independent of the level of (current) income. This is:
____ [38]

Answer:

I'm not sure what this question is about, but the concept of the income expenditures model and its components is the following:

In the income (or aggregate) expenditures model, its author (Keynes) established certain assumptions in order to analyze how the economy works as a whole. His assumptions included that investment, government spending and net exports were all independent from income level.

When the economy is at equilibrium, total expenditures (GDP) = income level = consumption + government + investment + net exports

Another important assumptions are:

  • marginal propensity to consume (MPC) + marginal propensity to save (MPS) = 1
  • consumption = autonomous consumption + [MPC x (total income level - taxes)]

Savings = investment increase when disposable income increases or real GDP increases.

This model is used to explain the relationship between labor and production levels, and how they are affected by the economy's total expenditures. By increasing expenditures, the demand for labor and products/services will increase.

4 0
3 years ago
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