Explanation:
Low power objective shows more field of view but does not give appreciable details about the view.
- In the root tip of onions, the cell walls are distinctly visible and they are arranged in a rectangular mosaic pattern.
- The nucleus stands out appreciably and it is tiny.
- The cytoplasm is also visible.
- Root cells do not have chloroplast since they do not take part in photosynthesis.
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A. The ancestor of all is A
b. D is most closely related to E.
c. C evolved earlier.
d. D is closer to C.
'RNA is transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm', 'transcription produces an mRNA ready for translation' and 'RNA is proofread for errors' occur in prokaryotes, whereas '5′ cap, 3' poly-(A) tail and RNA splicing' occur in eukaryotes.
The prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacterial cells) do not contain cell nuclei, thereby the messenger RNA (mRNA) must be transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm.
During prokaryotic transcription, the RNA transcript is proofread for errors. In bacteria, DNA polymerases proofread the transcript by using their 3’ → 5’ exonuclease activity.
In eukaryotic cells, RNA processing consists of several mechanisms:
- A 7-methylguanosine cap (5′ cap) is added to the 5′ end of the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA).
- A 3' poly-Adenine (A) tail is added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA.
- Both the 5′ cap and 3' poly-(A) tail protect the RNA transcript from its degradation by exonucleases.
- Eukaryotic RNA splicing consists of the removal of non-coding regions called 'introns' and subsequent splicing of the protein-coding regions called 'exons'.
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A special group of chemical substances that are used to treat diseases caused by microbes are called antibiotics.
An antibiotic is a chemical compound that is toxic to other bacteria and is produced by a living thing, usually a bacterium. In a complex environment like soil, organisms undoubtedly use antibiotics to regulate the growth of competing microbes. Soil microorganisms frequently produce antibiotics.
Bacteria and fungi are microorganisms that produce antibiotics that help prevent or treat disease. With the invention of penicillin in 1941, antibiotics gained widespread recognition. Since then, they have fundamentally changed how bacterial infections in humans and other animals are treated.
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