The answer to the first question is: the king of India, he never conquered India. The answer to the second: Phalanxes. The phalanxes were based on the usage of long spears, that would stop the enemy advancing.
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I believe Economist such as Adam smith would believe that.
Adam smith is one of the original economists that popularized the free market system. He believed that even with less or no Government intervention, the Market will regulate itself to the power of 'invisible hands' (or what we known as the power of supply and demand that always move toward equilibrium)