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3 years ago

Which enzyme(s) involved in fatty acid synthesis utilize ATP? Select all that apply.

Biology

1 answer:

GREYUIT [131]3 years ago

6 0

Answer:

a. Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Explanation:

Much of the fatty acids used by the body is supplied by the diet, excessive amounts of carbohydrates and protein obtained from the diet can be converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides. Fatty acid synthesis occurs mainly in the liver and mammary glands, and to a lesser extent in adipose tissue and kidney, the process incorporates acetyl CoA carbons into the forming fatty acid chain using ATP and NADPH.

The acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is transported to cytosol as citrate, produced by condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA, the first reaction of the citric acid cycle, this occurs when the concentration of mitochondrial citrate is high, observed when there is a high concentration of ATP and isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited. The increase of citrate and ATP favors the synthesis of fatty acids, since this pathway needs both. Acetyl CoA should be converted to malonyl CoA. Carboxylation is catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase and requires ATP, this reaction is the regulated step in fatty acid synthesis: it is inactivated by products, malonyl CoA and palmitoyl CoA, and activated by citrate, another regulatory mechanism is reversible phosphorylation of enzyme, which makes it inactive due to the presence of adrenaline / glucagon

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The simultaneous arrival of graded depolarization and a graded hyperpolarization of equal but opposite magnitude at a particular

yuradex [85]

The simultaneous arrival of graded depolarization and a graded hyperpolarization of equal but opposite magnitude at a particular location on the dendritic membrane is likely to cancel the effects of each other and no change will occur in the membrane potential.

Explanation:

Graded potentials lead to temporary minor changes in the membrane potential associated with neuron’s dendrites. The amount of change caused depends upon the size and duration of the stimulus. These can be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing.

Graded depolarization occurs due to the entry of sodium or calcium ions; whereas, graded hyperpolarization occurs due to exit of potassium ions or entry of chloride ions.

When equal but opposite magnitude of graded depolarization and hyperpolarization occurs at a particular dendride of a neuron, the positive and negative charges get neutralized causing little or no effect on the total membrane potential.

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3 years ago

Understand the terms genome, chromosome, gene, replication fork, Okazaki fragment, genotype, phenotype, codon, anticodon, promot

HACTEHA [7]

Answer:

Molecular biology aims to study the processes that are carried out in living beings from a molecular point of view

Explanation:

-Genoma: A set of genes contained in chromosomes, can be interpreted as the totality of the genetic material that an organism or a species has

-Chromosome: Each of the highly organized structures, formed by DNA and proteins, and contains most of the genetic information of a living being

-Gen: Molecular unit of genetic inheritance, where genetic information is stored and can be transmitted to the offspring

- Replication fork: Joint between two strands of DNA when it is self-replicating. Each of the DNA strands serve as a template for the synthesis of the new DNA

-Okazaki fragment: Short strands of DNA newly synthesized in the discontinuous strand. They are synthesized in the 5 '→ 3' direction from RNA primers that are later eliminated

-Genotype: Genetic information that an organism has, in the form of DNA

-Fenotype: Expression of the genotype according to a specific environment. They include both physical and behavioral traits

-Codon: Three nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA corresponding to a specific parameter

-Anticodon: Three nucleotide sequence complementary to a sequence of three other nucleotides found in messenger RNA

-Promotor: DNA section that controls the initiation of RNA transcription

-Intrón: Region of the DNA that is part of the primary transcription of RNA and are removed from the mature transcript, before its translation

-Exon: Portion of gene encoding amino acids

-The modified plasmid size from 1 to more than 1000 kilograms of bases

-The size of the bacterial genome ranges from 0.58 megabases to 10 Mb in several species of cyanobacteria, with the exception of Bacillus megaterium, which has a 30 Mb genome

-The size of the eukaryotic genome is very variable, for example, the smallest sequenced is that of Guillardia theta, of only 0.55 Mb, yeast (1.2 Mb) to amoeba (686,000 Mb).

-In the DNA, the purines are adenine (A) and guanine (G). The pyrimidines are thymine (T) and cytosine (C). In the case of RNA, the purines are A and G and the pyrimidines are C and U (uracil)

-Transcription involves the copy of DNA in RNA. This is the process of gene expression, in which genes are converted into proteins. DNA replication is the process of copying DNA into a cell so that there are two equal copies. As a result, two double chain propellers are obtained, two exact copies. Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule into an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis.

-Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds that bind the nitrogen bases, causing other enzymes to copy the DNA sequence. The primase synthesizes small fragments of RNA on the lagging chain in DNA replication, of about 10 nucleotides, called primers. DNA polymerase III performs the replicative process, its function is the synthesis of DNA. It has review activity, 3’-5 ’exonuclease. DNA polymerase I has three activities. It has polymerase activity, synthesis in the 5’-3 ’direction. A 3’5 ’exonuclease activity, erroneous nucleotide removal, and a 5’-3’ exonuclease activity, which from a nick resynthesizes a portion of DNA by removing the existing one. This enzyme does not carry out the replication process. RNA polymerase is capable of using ribonucleotides to synthesize RNA from a DNA sequence that serves as a template. Ligase catalyzes the binding of two molecules from the formation of covalent bonds accompanied by the hydrolysis of ATP

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3 years ago

What is the purpose of using genetic engineering to create edible vaccines?

Georgia [21]

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Embryology / Comparative Embryology

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Appalachian: A. Two continents colliding.

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These form when two continents that collided bonded so tight that it forms a permanent land mass. If the continents would pull away from each other, the terrane stays intact.

Aleutian plate: D. Oceanic convergence

This is a type of convergence where one plate subducts beneath another plate. Between the two, the older plate is usually the one that subducts because it is usually more dense.

Andes mountain range: C. An oceanic plate and continental plate colliding.

In the collision between an oceanic and continental plate, the thinner and more dense oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate. The Andes mountain range was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South american Plate.

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4 years ago

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