Answer:
Explanation:
One of the functions of the muscle is the storage of amino acids which can be used for energy production when demands are high or for protein synthesis. But during muscle atrophy, this function becomes reduced which could lead to the particularly muscle been unable to stretch or contract due to weakness, it could also lead to the imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation.
Answer:
Hepato- and nephrotoxicity of fluoride have been demonstrated in animals, but few studies have examined potential effects in humans. This population-based study examines the relationship between chronic low-level fluoride exposure and kidney and liver function among United States (U.S.) adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate whether greater fluoride exposure is associated with altered kidney and liver parameters among U.S. youth.
This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016). We analyzed data from 1983 and 1742 adolescents who had plasma and water fluoride measures respectively and did not have kidney disease. Fluoride was measured in plasma and household tap water. Kidney parameters included estimated glomerular filtration rate (calculated by the original Schwartz formula), serum uric acid, and the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio. Liver parameters were assessed in serum and included alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin. Survey-weighted linear regression examined relationships between fluoride exposure and kidney and liver parameters after covariate adjustment. A Holm-Bonferroni correction accounted for multiple comparisons.
The average age of adolescents was 15.4 years. Median water and plasma fluoride concentrations were 0.48 mg/L and 0.33 μmol/L respectively. A 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride was associated with a 10.36 mL/min/1.73 m2 lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (95% CI: −17.50, −3.22; p = 0.05), a 0.29 mg/dL higher serum uric acid concentration (95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.05), and a 1.29 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95%CI: −1.87, −0.70; p < 0.001). A 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride was associated with a 0.93 mg/dL lower blood urea nitrogen concentration (95% CI: −1.44, −0.42; p = 0.007).
Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. As the study is cross-sectional, reverse causality cannot be ruled out; therefore, altered kidney and/or liver function may impact bodily fluoride absorption and metabolic processes.
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rate brainiest
Answer:
<em>The correct option is Although the F1 generation will all show the dominant trait, the offspring will all be heterozygous and increase chances of future variation.</em>
Explanation:
The cross for the offsrings that will be produced by F1 generation is shown below:
a a
A Aa Aa
A Aa Aa
As we can see that all the offsprings in the F1 generation will have heterozygous genes but only the dominant trait will be seen in the phenotype of the F1 generation.
A cross between the F1 generation will give the following results:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
This cross shows that there will be increases genetic and phenotype variations in offsprings that will be produced by the F1 plants.
Sidney W. Fox produced proteinoid spheres, which suggest a possible route from chemical to cellular life.
The haploid male (sperm) and female (egg<span>) sex </span>cells<span>; in </span>plants<span>, formed by mitosis of haploid </span>cells<span> in the gametophyte. ... The multicellular diploid portion of the </span>plant life cycle<span> resulting from the growth, mitosis, and </span>cell<span> division of a zygote. </span>Produces<span>sporangium that store haploid spores. Google*</span>
