both are single cells that carry out the functions of life
Explanation:
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are single cells according to the cell theory and they carry out the functions of life.
- The cell theory postulates that all living organisms are made up of cells and that the cells are the basic organizational unit of life.
- It also proposes that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Eukaryotic cells differs from prokaryotic cells in that they have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Despite this seeming different, both cells are able to carryout different life functions as unit and when they combine together, they advance into higher organization of life.
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Answer:
The simultaneous effect of a predator population on a prey population and a prey population on a predator population over time.
Explanation:
The mathematical models of Lotka-Volterra equations explain the existing interaction between species in which prey and predator influence and affect each other. The model follows a few assumptions,
- The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
- The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
- In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
- When there is no prey, the predator population decreases exponentially because of the lack of food. The predator environment is ideal, but it is limited by prey density.
- The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
- The predators affect the prey populations, inducing its decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
- The prey population also influences the predator population proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.
In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of prey items.
The parameters are always constant:
• r1: prey growth rate.
• a1: predator hunting success.
• r2: predator growth rate.
• a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.
In nature, many factors affect interactions, such as dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also, in reality, there are stochastic factors. Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.
In real situations, the compliance of the whole assumption does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, constantly changing the interaction between the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in varying circumstances for both species.
Milk generation presently causes much more contamination than it utilized to, mostly because so much of the production is solidified into huge dairy ranches, and transfer of that kind of fluid squander is troublesome without harming adjacent water sources.
