I n t r o d u c t i o nHan Fei (d. 233 BCE) was a student of the philosopher Xunzi (c. 310-c. 219 BCE), but abandoned Confucian philosophy in favor of the more pragmatic and hardheaded approach of men like Lord Shang (Shang Yang or Gongsun Yang, d. 338 BCE), whom we collectively label as “Legalists.” Han Fei worked as an official for the state of Qin until he was executed in 233 BCE, allegedly on charges manipulated by a fellow official, Li Si (d. 208 BCE), who was also formerly a fellow student under Xunzi. Han Fei is most famous, however, for having developed a thorough and systematic synthesis of Legalist and Daoist philosophy, which we see in the book which bears his name--a book of which he is possibly the real author, but which at any rate is accepted as a reasonably accurate representation of his thinking.D o c u me n t E x c e r p t s wi t h Q u e s t i o n s (Longer selection follows this section)From Sources of Chinese Tradition, compiled by Wm. Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 199-203. © 1999 Columbia University Press. Reproduced with the permission of the publisher. All rights reserved.Selectionsfromthe Han Feizi:Chapter 49, “The Five Vermin
Difference of government philosophy and differing sects of Islam.
For the Iranian Revolution, the question of a secular versus religious government was of concern. The government being overthrown was more secular and Western influence was there. The revolutionaries were fundamentalists who wanted religion to return to the government.
In the Iraq-Iran War, it was a difference of religious sides within Islam. Iraq is more Sunni and Iran is more Shi'a. These sects have a long history of conflict and the difference in religion and politics influenced the war. Also the question of western influence in the area was of concern.
<span>This was the time of the Clutural Revolution, It ran from 1966-1976 and included Mao Zeong's political policy that was meant to end his rivals and begin training the younger generation of chinese people to engage in the revolutionary spirit that had originally created communist China. In the end, the revolution caused mass jailings, deaths by the thousands, beatings, and terror.</span>
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Before the civil war that engulfed England in the 1640s, life in the American colonies was regulated by orders occasionally received from the mother country. After the restoration of the Stuart power in 1660, control over trade with the colonies was further strengthened. A Navigation Act restricted the delivery of certain goods, in particular tobacco and sugar, to British ports. New navigational laws, and especially the Sugar Act, hurt the lucrative trade for the West Indies for American merchants. Doubled duties on the import of industrial products from England led to an unprecedented high cost.
The Stamp Act, passed in 1765 by the British Parliament, triggered the first massive outbreak of violence. The law, requiring tax on all legal documents, newspapers and other printed materials, has not entered into force. The riots, initiated by merchants and lawyers under the auspices of the secret society Sons of Liberty, forced to withdraw tax collectors.
In the colonies, the threads of the conspiracy spread. New legislation was seen as part of a carefully planned and far-reaching strategy of imperial domination. New laws and officials encroached on American traditional freedoms; regular army units were thrown against them, five people were killed in clashes in Boston; jury trials were abolished, and taxes were imposed for the third time without the consent of the colonists. All these events taken together could mean only one thing: the king and his ministers intended to establish a system of absolutism in America.
Revolutionary sentiments were especially strong in New England. In December 1773, several colonists disguised as Indians made their way to merchant ships and dropped 342 chests of tea into Boston Bay. In response, Lord North secured the consent of the angry parliament to take tough repressive measures. British lawmakers regretted their conciliatory decision to repeal the Stamp Act and Townshend Duty. In accordance with repressive laws, which the colonists dubbed “intolerable,” the port of Boston was closed reimbursement of damages for tea destroyed, and the powers of self-government in Massachusetts were cut off. But such a harsh reaction from the English parliament rallied the colonists even more closely.
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