The body's nonspecific defiance against invading pathogens is known as innate immunity and includes the following:
mechanical barriers and surface secretions
1. The intact skin and mucous membranes of the body. These provide a high degree of protection against pathogens.
2. The sebaceous secretions and sweat of the skin contain bactericidal and fungicidal fatty acids that can kill bacteria and fungi.
3. Normal bacterial flora of the skin may produce various antimicrobial substances such as bacteriocines and acids.
Humoral defence mechanisms
1. Lysozyme. This is an enzyme found in most tissue fluids apart from cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and sweat. It can kill bacteria.
2. Interferon. Inhibits viruses from replicating
3. Complement. This is a heat labile serum that can destroy gram-negative bacteria.
Answer: Option E.
The cytosolic face of the plasma membrane.
Explanation:
Endoplasmic recticulum is a membranous organelles in cytoplasm that help in synthesis,transport and modifications of proteins. Proteins are transported to golgi apparatus while some remain in endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are transported from ribosomes on rough endoplasmic recticulum to rough endoplasmic recticulum lumen which is the site of protein modifications, then to golgi aparathus.
Answer:
<u>A. Large amounts of water force open cracks in rocks</u>
Explanation:
Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the Earth. In the fracking process, cracks in and below the Earth's surface are opened and widened by injecting water, chemicals, and sand at high pressure.
A is basically explaining this the same way. Forcing cracks in the ground with liquids.
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Answer: bacterial species of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Neisseria.
Explanation:
