The Warren Court made rulings that were controversial at the time but continue to shape American society.
Concerns about the effects of media on consumers and the existence and extent of media bias go back to the 1920s. Reporter and commentator Walter Lippmann noted that citizens have limited personal experience with government and the world and posited that the media, through their stories, place ideas in citizens’ minds. These ideas become part of the citizens’ frame of reference and affect their decisions. Lippmann’s statements led to the hypodermic theory, which argues that information is “shot” into the receiver’s mind and readily accepted.[1]
Yet studies in the 1930s and 1940s found that information was transmitted in two steps, with one person reading the news and then sharing the information with friends. People listened to their friends, but not to those with whom they disagreed. The newspaper’s effect was thus diminished through conversation. This discovery led to the minimal effects theory, which argues the media have little effect on citizens and voters.[2]
By the 1970s, a new idea, the cultivation theory, hypothesized that media develop a person’s view of the world by presenting a perceived reality.[3] What we see on a regular basis is our reality. Media can then set norms for readers and viewers by choosing what is covered or discussed.
In the end, the consensus among observers is that media have some effect, even if the effect is subtle. This raises the question of how the media, even general newscasts, can affect citizens. One of the ways is through framing: the creation of a narrative, or context, for a news story. The news often uses frames to place a story in a context so the reader understands its importance or relevance. Yet, at the same time, framing affects the way the reader or viewer processes the story.
Episodic framing occurs when a story focuses on isolated details or specifics rather than looking broadly at a whole issue. Thematic framing takes a broad look at an issue and skips numbers or details. It looks at how the issue has changed over a long period of time and what has led to it. For example, a large, urban city is dealing with the problem of an increasing homeless population, and the city has suggested ways to improve the situation. If journalists focus on the immediate statistics, report the current percentage of homeless people, interview a few, and look at the city’s current investment in a homeless shelter, the coverage is episodic. If they look at homelessness as a problem increasing everywhere, examine the reasons people become homeless, and discuss the trends in cities’ attempts to solve the problem, the coverage is thematic. Episodic frames may create more sympathy, while a thematic frame may leave the reader or viewer emotionally disconnected and less sympathetic.
In the years following the Meiji Restoration in Japan and the unification of Germany in the 19th century, both nations experienced rapid industrialization.
<h3>What is industrialization?</h3>
A condition, wherein there is overwhelming growth of the number of industries in an economy, is known as industrialization in the economy. It is important in growth and development of an economy.
Hence, the significance of industrialization is given above.
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The Gay rights Movement was a social and political movement which were predominant in the late 1960s through the mid-1980s that encouraged the LGBT community to engage in radical direct action, and to counter societal shame with gay pride.
One of such protests was the Dewey's Sit-in which was further propelled by the Black Freedom struggle.
<h3>What was the Dewey's Sit-in?</h3>
The Dewey's sit-in was one of the many ways gay rights activist protested the resentment meted out to them by members of the larger community in the united states in 1965.
Activist used the lunch-counter sit-in strategy of the black civil rights movement, protesters held the nation's first successful LGBT sit-in in the spring of 1965 at Dewey's restaurant.
This restaurant was located at the Rittenhouse Square section of Philadelphia, Dewey's was a popular hangout after the bars closed.
- Some notable individuals and organizations that helped in the Gay rights movement are Advocates for Youth.
- Center Link
- Children of Lesbian and Gays Everywhere (COLAGE)
- Equality Federation
- Family Acceptance Project (FAP)
- Family Equality Council
It is also worthy to note that these activists and advocacy groups faced a lot of challenges ranging from Stigma, Social isolation, and Poverty.
The major achievements of the gay rights groups was that people began to generally accept them and government made legislation enabling LGBT community to live a good life.
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