Cross over is the first way genes are shuffled to give rise to genetic diversity. Cross over takes place in sexual reproduction. The normal way that cross over occurs is chromosomes line up side by side and break off pieces of themselves, then trade those pieces with each other.
If they break the pieces at the same locus in the sequence of base pairs, the result is an exchange of genes called genetic recombination and it ensures that the daughter cells produced have a different genetic makeup from the parent cell and thus diversity occurs.
A more stringent definition is agamogenesis which is reproduction without the fusion of gametes<span>. Asexual reproduction is the primary form of reproduction for single-celled organisms such as the </span>archaebacteria<span>, eubacteria, and protists. Many plants and fungi reproduce asexually as well.</span>
A carpel on a typical flower is located on the bud tips, what I mean is that where the stamen is nearly right beside it is the carpel. A carpel is like the reproductive organism of a flower.
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Trace fossils include footprints, trails, burrows, feeding marks, and resting marks.
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