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insens350 [35]
3 years ago
8

What is the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes?

Biology
1 answer:
SCORPION-xisa [38]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Oncogenes result from a mutation in  proto-oncogenes.

Explanation:

  • Protooncogenes control the growth and division of cells.
  • The proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors and signal transducers.
  • They contribute to the transformation process by driving cell proliferation or reducing sensitivity to cell death.
  • Several types of genetic and epigenetic changes convert these proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
  • Oncogenes arise due to the changes that increases the expression of proto-oncogenes .
  • Oncogenes are one of the causes of cancers.

A proto-oncogenes can turn into oncogene by following ways:

  • A point mutation  such as deletion, insertion and substitution  in the proto-oncogene can lead to formation of oncogenes.
  • Chromosomal translocation may result in activation of proto-oncogene as seen in Burkitt's lymphoma.
  • Insertion of a mobile genetic material such as retrovirus changes the gene expression, but leaves their coding sequence intact.
  • Activation of proto-oncogene can also occur from reduplication and amplification of DNA sequence.
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Applications of data from the Human Genome Project (HGP) to molecular diagnostics include _____.
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Both improved diagnosis of disease and rational drug design.

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Change Will Continue Through This Century and Beyond

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Temperatures Will Continue to Rise

Because human-induced warming is superimposed on a naturally varying climate, the temperature rise has not been, and will not be, uniform or smooth across the country or over time.

Frost-free Season (and Growing Season) will Lengthen

The length of the frost-free season (and the corresponding growing season) has been increasing nationally since the 1980s, with the largest increases occurring in the western United States, affecting ecosystems and agriculture. Across the United States, the growing season is projected to continue to lengthen.

In a future in which heat-trapping gas emissions continue to grow, increases of a month or more in the lengths of the frost-free and growing seasons are projected across most of the U.S. by the end of the century, with slightly smaller increases in the northern Great Plains. The largest increases in the frost-free season (more than eight weeks) are projected for the western U.S., particularly in high elevation and coastal areas. The increases will be considerably smaller if heat-trapping gas emissions are reduced.

Changes in Precipitation Patterns

Average U.S. precipitation has increased since 1900, but some areas have had increases greater than the national average, and some areas have had decreases. More winter and spring precipitation is projected for the northern United States, and less for the Southwest, over this century.

Projections of future climate over the U.S. suggest that the recent trend towards increased heavy precipitation events will continue. This trend is projected to occur even in regions where total precipitation is expected to decrease, such as the Southwest.

More Droughts and Heat Waves

Droughts in the Southwest and heat waves (periods of abnormally hot weather lasting days to weeks) everywhere are projected to become more intense, and cold waves less intense everywhere.

Summer temperatures are projected to continue rising, and a reduction of soil moisture, which exacerbates heat waves, is projected for much of the western and central U.S. in summer. By the end of this century, what have been once-in-20-year extreme heat days (one-day events) are projected to occur every two or three years over most of the nation.

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