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3 years ago

What is the relationship between proto-oncogenes and oncogenes?

Biology

1 answer:

SCORPION-xisa [38]3 years ago

3 0

Answer:

Oncogenes result from a mutation in proto-oncogenes.

Explanation:

Protooncogenes control the growth and division of cells.
The proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes include growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors and signal transducers.
They contribute to the transformation process by driving cell proliferation or reducing sensitivity to cell death.
Several types of genetic and epigenetic changes convert these proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
Oncogenes arise due to the changes that increases the expression of proto-oncogenes .
Oncogenes are one of the causes of cancers.

A proto-oncogenes can turn into oncogene by following ways:

A point mutation such as deletion, insertion and substitution in the proto-oncogene can lead to formation of oncogenes.
Chromosomal translocation may result in activation of proto-oncogene as seen in Burkitt's lymphoma.
Insertion of a mobile genetic material such as retrovirus changes the gene expression, but leaves their coding sequence intact.
Activation of proto-oncogene can also occur from reduplication and amplification of DNA sequence.

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In Drosophila, the genes for withered wings (whd), smooth abdomen (sm) and speck body (sp) are located on chromosome 2 and are s

lesya692 [45]

Answer:

A) 47; B) 33; C) 272; D) 122

Explanation:

The three genes are linked.

The female with withered wings and a smooth abdomen has the genotype whd sm sp+/whd sm sp+.

The male with a speck body has the genotype whd+ sm+ sp/whd+ sm+ sp.

Both individuals are homozygous for all genes, so each of them only produces one type of gamete. The resulting F1 therefore has the genotype whd sm sp+/ whd+ sm+ sp, heterozygous for all genes and with a wild-type phenotype.

The females of the F1 were mated with homozygous recessive males (test cross): whd sm sp/whd sm sp.

If we assume interference is 0, the probability of crossing over happening between the genes whd and sm is independent from the probability of crossing over happening between sm and sp.

The distance = frequency of recombination × 100, so the frequency of recombination (RF) between genes whd and sm is 0.305 and the RF between genes sm and sp is 0.155.

<u>The expected double crossover progeny among the 1000 offspring will be:</u>

RF whd-sm × RF sm-sp × 1000 =

0.305 × 0.155 × 1000 = 47 individuals will be double crossover.

Interference is 0.3

The interference is calculated as 1- coefficient of coincidence (cc).

cc = observed double crossover/expected double crossover

Therefore:

I = 1 - cc

cc = 1 - I

Observed DCO / 47 = 0.7

Observed DCO = 0.7 × 47

Observed DCO ≅ 33

The parental gametes are whd sm sp+ and whd+ sm+ sp (the genotype of the F1 female is known).

Looking at them and at the gene map we can tell that the gametes that give rise to withered wings, speck body (whd sm+ sp) and smooth abdomen (whd+ sm sp+) phenotypes are the result of recombination occurring between genes whd and sm.

To calculate the expected number of individuals with those phenotypes among the 1000 progeny we need to determine the frequency of recombination between the genes whd and sm considering there's interference.

The distance whd-sm = RF x 100

The recombination frequency is the sum of the single crossover between whd and sm and the double crossovers.

The frequency of DCO is 33/1000=0.033.

Distance whd-sm/ 100 = SCOwhd-sm + DCO

0.305 - 0.033 = SCO whd-sm

<u>Frequency of SCO whd-sm= 0.272</u>

And the expected number of individuals with those phenotypes will be 0.272 x 1000 = 272.

The gametes that originate the phenotypes withered wings, speck body, smooth abdomen (whd sm sp) and wild type (whd+ sm+ sp+) are the result of recombination between genes sm and sp.

Distance sm-sp/ 100 = SCOsm-sp + DCO

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2) (a) The stomach is is located in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

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3) (a)The Spleen is located at the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

(b) The regions the Spleen are located at are the Left Hypochondriac Region, Epigastric Region and Left Lumbar

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1) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

2) Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

3) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

4) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

The regions are divided into nine parts:

1) Left Hypochondriac Region

2) Right Hypochondriac Region

3) Epigastric Region

4) Left Lumbar Region

5) Right Lumbar Region

6) Umbilical Region

7) Right Iliac/Inguinal Region

8) Left Iliac/Inguinal Region

9) Hypogastric Region.

The abdomen is divided into regions in order to help medical practitioners and students easily understand the abdominal area of the body as well as the human anatomy. It also helps them provide preliminary diagnosis and treatment based on pain emanating from each region or quadrant.

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